1استادیار گروه مدیریت و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
2دانشجوی دکتری توسعه کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران،ایران.
3استاد گروه مدیریت و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
سازمان‌های غیردولتی زمینه‌ساز مشارکت مردم در امور اجتماعی هستند و نقش مهمی در توسعه بوم‌گردی دارند. با وجود این، تاکنون مؤلفه های مؤثر بر موفقیت این سازمان ها در برنامه ریزی و توسعه بوم گردی بررسی نشده است. مطالعه حاضر با روش نظریه زمینه‌ای به واکاوی نقش این سازمان‌ها در توسعه بوم گردی در نواحی روستایی ایران پرداخته، ویژگی‌های سازمان‌های موفق را احصاء و در نهایت مدل تبیین کننده موفقیت این سازمان‌ها را ارائه کرده است. مشارکت‌کنندگان این مطالعه شامل 37 نفر از متخصصان بوم‌گردی، مدیران و کارشناسان سازمان‌های غیردولتی، مدیران دولتی و مالکین اقامتگاه‌ها بودند که با نمونه‌گیری نظری انتخاب شدند. از تحلیل مصاحبه‌ها، 64 کد باز و از تلفیق کدهای باز حول یک محور، 6 کد محوری شامل توسعه درون‌زا، توسعه محله‌ای داراییمحور، کدهای رفتاری سازمان‌های غیردولتی، ویژگی‌های حرفهای سازمان های غیردولتی موفق، الزامات درون ساختاری و الزامات پروژه های موفق به دست آمد. در مدل حاصل از این مطالعه، توسعه درون‌زا و داراییمحور بهعنوان پارادایم غالب بر فعالیت این سازمان‌ها در نظر گرفته شد. توجه به مشارکت و انتفاع مستقیم جامعه محلی در برنامه ریزی و مدیریت پروژه های بوم‌گردی و آگاه سازی جامعه محلی از قابلیت درآمدزایی دارایی ها و جاذبه های محلی برای موفقیت سازمان‌های غیردولتی توصیه می شود.
Presenting a Success Model for Non-Governmental Organizations Involved in Ecotourism Development in Iranian Rural Areas
نویسندگان [English]
H. Varmazyari1؛ F. Ebrahimi Fini2؛ Khalil Kalantari3
1Corresponding Author and Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2PhD Student in Agricultural Development, Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3Professor, Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Abstract Introduction Ecotourism aims to strengthen environmental impacts and improve local living conditions particularly in rural communities, however, proper management of the operations is necessary to preserve and maintain the biological richness of the region as well as the economic progress of local community. The new theoretical perspectives of development consider a very important role for non-governmental organizations in the realization of people-oriented development. Non-governmental organizations participate in the process of planning and developing ecotourism and aim to converge different views and interests. These organizations should have special functions such as travel planning, training of ecotourism tour guides and development of sustainability in the local community. Despite this, until now the factors affecting the success of these organizations in the planning and development of ecotourism in Iran have not been investigated. Materials and Methods Using grounded theory strategy, this study enumerated the characteristics of successful non-governmental organizations and finally developed the model that explains the success of these organizations. The statistical sample of this study included 37 ecotourism specialists, managers and experts of non-governmental organizations engaged in ecotourism, government officials, and residents of the local community, which were selected purposefully with snowball sampling method. The interview questions were prepared in a semi-structured framework, based on the research questions. To ensure the quality of the research, in addition to triangulation, the strategy of participant feedback was used. Data analysis and interpretation were done through coding in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. Results and discussion From the analysis of interviews, 64 open codes were derived and from the combination of these codes, six axial codes were obtained. The axial codes included endogenous development, asset-based community development, and codes of conduct of non-governmental organizations, professional characteristics of successful non-governmental organizations, internal structural requirements and requirements of successful projects. Non-governmental organizations should pay attention to endogenous development that starts from the local community and is based mainly on the local knowledge, preferences, strategies, and context. Some of the open codes that construct the axial code of “endogenous development” include improving the satisfaction of the local community, determining the goal by the local community, assigning control of the project to the local community and ensuring fair benefit-sharing, distributing benefits equitably among local community members, preventing local elite capture, and creating mutual trust in the local community. Also, putting together the nine open codes, such as paying attention to the potential abilities of the local community, rehabilitating the local community and revitalizing the attractions, objectifying the value of the local community's assets, raising sweat in the local community, and dealing with problems based on indigenous knowledge, construct the axial code of “asset-based community development”. Conclusions According to the model of our study, non-governmental organizations can promote ecotourism and bring positive impacts in rural areas if they: 1- Adopt endogenous and asset-based development approach as the dominant and governing paradigm of their programs and activities; 2- Comply with codes of conduct and 3- Have a good internal management and professional characteristics. Meanwhile, paying attention to the direct participation and benefit of the local community in planning and managing ecotourism projects and informing the local community about the revenue-generating potential of local assets and attractions is recommended for the success of non-governmental organizations.
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