Assadi, M., Maassoumi, A.A., Khatamsaz, M. and Mozaffarian, V., 1963- 2011. Flora of Iran, Nos. 1-74. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press.
Atri, M., 1996. Introduced of some aspects of the Neozigmatist method in Pedology, systematic and Chorology. Iranian Journal of Biology, 2(1): 12 p.
Atri, M., 1997. Phytosociology (translation). Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press. No.171, 384 p.
Augustine, D.J. and McNaughton, S.J, 1998. Ungulate effects on the functional species composition of plant communities: herbivore selectivity and plant tolerance. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62: 1165-1183.
Bakker, J. and Wilson, S., 2001. Competitive abilities of introduced and native grasses. Plant Ecology, 157: 119-127.
Barnes, B.V., Denton, D.R. and Spurr, S.H., 1998. Forest Ecology, Fourth edit, John Wiley& Sons, Inc., New York, 774 p.
Basiri, R. and Karami, P., 2006. The use of diversity indices to assess the plant diversity in Marivan, Chenareh forests. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 13(5): 163-172.
Becking, R.W., 1957. The Zurich- Montpellier School of phytosociology. The Botanical Review 23:411-488.
Belsky, A.J. and Blumenthal, D.M., 1997. Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the interior west. Conservation Biology, 11: 315–327.
Biaou, S.H., Sterck, Ir,F.J. and Holmgren, M., 2009. Tree recruitment in West African dry woodlands. The interactive effects of climate, soil, fire and grazing. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 182 p.
Borcard, D., Legendre, P. and Drapeau, P., 1992. Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology, 73: 1045-1055.
Bouahim, S., Rhazi, L., Amami, B., Sahib, N., Rhazi, M., Waterkeyn, A., Zouahri, A., Mesleard, F., Muller, S.D., Grillas, P., 2010. Impact of grazing on the species richness of plant communities in Mediterranean temporary pool (western Morocco). Comptes Rendus Bioloies. 333:670-679.
Braun- Blanquet, J., 1932. Plant Sociology, The study of plant communities, In: Atri, M., 1997. Phytosociology (translation). Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press. No.171, 384 p.
Cain, S. A. and Castro. M., 1959. Manual of vegetation analysis. Harper and Bros. Publishers, New York. 325 p.
Chaneton, E.J. and Facelli, J.M., 1991. Disturbance effects on plant community diversity: spatial scales and dominance hierarchies. Plant Ecology, 93: 143-155.
Collins, S.L. and Smith, M.D., 2006. Scale-dependent interaction of fire and grazing on community heterogeneity in tall grass prairie. Ecology, 87: 2058-2067.
Connell, J.H., 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science, 199: 1302-1310.
Davis, M.A., Grime, J. P. and Thompson, k., 2000. Fluctuating resources in plant communities: A general theory of invisibility. Journal of Ecology, 88: 528-534.
Davis, P. H. (ed.) 1965- 1985. Flora of Turkey, Vols. 1-9. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Dufrene, M. and Legendre, P., 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs, 67: 345- 366.
Ejtehadi, A., Akkafi, H. and Ghorshi Alhoseini, J., 2002. Comparison of numerical indicators of diversity at two sites with different grazing management. Iranian Journal of Biology, 13(4): 49-58.
Ewell, J.J. O., Dowad, D.J., Bergelson, J., Daehler, C. C., D,Antonion, C.M., Gomes. L.D., Gordon, D.R., Hobbs, R.J., Holt, A., Hopper, K.R., Hughes, C.E., LaHart, M., Leakey, R.R.B., Wong, W.G., Loope, L.L., Lorence, D.H., Louda, S.M., Lugo, A.E., McEvoy, P.B., Richardson, D.M. and Vitousek, P.M., 1999. Deliberate introductions of species: Research needs- Benefits can be reaped, but risks are high. Bioscience, 49(8):619- 630.
Fattaahi, M., 1994. Study on Zagros oak forests and the most important their destruction causes. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press. No.101, 63 p.
Fleming, G. M., Diffendorfer, J.E. and Aedler, P.H., 2009. The relative importance of disturbance and exotic- plant abundance in California coastal sage scrub. Ecological Applications, 19: 2210- 2227.
Godefroid, S., Phartyal, S. S., Weyembergh, G. and Koedam, N., 2005. Ecological factors controlling the abundance of non- native invasive black cherry (Prunus serotina) in deciduous forest understory in Belgium. Forest Ecology and Management, 210: 91- 105.
Grime, J. P., 2001. Plant strategies, vegetation processes and ecosystem properties. Ed. 2. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R., 2007. Comparative Plant Ecology afunctional approach to commom British species. Castlepoint Press, Dalbeattie.
Gurarni, D., Arya, N., Yadava, A. and Ram, J., 2010. Studies on plant biodiversity of pure Pinus Roxburghii Sarg. forest and mixed pine-oak forest in Uttarakhand Himalaya. New York Science Journal, 3(8):1-5.
Hamilton A. and Hamilton, P., 2006. An Ecosystem Approach. Earthscan, 324p.
Hamzeh'ee, B., Khanhasani, M., Khodakarami, Y. and Nemati, P.M., 2008. Floristic and phytosociological study of Chaharzebar forests in Kermanshah. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar, 16(2): 211-229.
Hill, S.L. and French, K., 2004. Potential impacts of fire and grazing in an endangered ecological community: plant composition and shrub and eucalypt regeneration in Cumberland Plain Woodland. Australian Journal of Botany, 52: 23-29.
Hodgson, J.G., Wilson, P.J., Hunt, R., Grime, J.P. and Thompson, K., 1999. Allocating CSR plant functional types: a soft approach to a hard problem. Oikos, 85, 282–294.
Hughes, A. R. and Byrnes, J. E., 2007. Reciprocal relationships and potential feedbacks between biodiversity and disturbance. Ecology Letters, 10: 849-864.
Jazirehi, M.H. and Rostaaghi, E.M., 2003. Silviculture in Zagros. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, 560 p.
Kenneth, W.T., Edward, R.A., Neil, K.M., Melvin, R.G., 2003. Spatial and temporal patterns of cattle feces deposition on rangeland. J. Range Manage. 56: 432-438.
Knnap, A.K. and Seastedt, T.R., 1986. Detritus accumulation limits productivity of tall grass prairie. BioScience 36: 662-668.
Keeley, J.E., Lubin, D. and Fortheringham, C. J., 2003. Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and alien plant invasions in the Southern Sierra Nevada. Ecological Application, 13(5): 1355- 1374.
Keeley, J.E., Fotheringham, C.J. and Keeley, M.B., 2005. Determinants of post fire recovery and succession in Mediterranean climate shrublands of California. Ecological application, 15(5): 1515-1534.
Kumar Kohli, R., Jose, S., Singh, H.P. and Batish, D.R., 2009. Invasive plants and forest ecosystems. CRC Press, 437 pp.
Łaska, G., 2001. The disturbance and vegetation dynamics: a review and an alternative framework. Plant Ecology,157: 77–99.
Leps, J. and Smilauer, P., 2003. Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO. Cambridge University Press, 269 p.
Mackey, R.L. and Currie, D.J., 2001. The diversity–disturbance relationship: is it generally strong and peaked? Ecology, 82: 3479-3492.
Martin, P. H., Canham, C.D. and Marks, P.L., 2009. Why forests appear resistant to exotic plant invasions: intentional introduction, stand dynamics and the role of shade tolerance. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment. 7: 142- 149.
McCune, B. and Mefford, M. J., 1999. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data, version 4.17, MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, U.S.A., 233 p.
Mohadjer, M.R., 2012. Silviculture. University of Tehran Press, Tehran. 418 p.
Mozaffarian, V., 2005. Trees and shrubs of Iran. Farhang Press, Tehran, 1003p.
Mozaffarian, V., 2009. Flora of Ilam. Farhang Press, Tehran, 700p.
- Naaf, T. and Wulf, M., 2007. Effects of gap size, light and herbivory on the herb layer vegetation in European beech forest gap. Forest Ecology and Management, 244: 141-149.
- Platt, W.J. & Connell, J.H., 2003. Natural disturbances and directional replacement of species. Ecological Monographs, 73: 507-522.
Raunkier, C. 1934. The life form of plants and statistical plant geography, Oxford. In: Phytosociology. Atri, M. 1997. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, 384 p.
Rechinger, K. H. (ed.) 1963- 2006. Flora Iranica, Nos. 1-176. Academische Druk-u. Verlagsanstalt. Graz.
Rodríguez-Calcerrada, J., Mutke, S., Alonso J., Gil, L., Pardos, J. A. and Aranda, I., 2008. Influence of overstory density on understory light, soil moisture, and survival of two under planted oak species in a Mediterranean Montana Scots pine forest. Forest systems, 17(1): 31-38.
Royo, A.A., Collins, R., Adams, M.B., Kirschbaum, C. and Carson, W.W., 2010. Pervasive interactions between ungulate browsers and disturbance regimes promote temperate forest herbaceous diversity. Ecology, 91(1): 93- 105.
Salami, A., Zare, H., Amini, E.T., Jafari, B. and Ejtehadi, A., 2008. Comparison of plant species diversity in the two grazed and ungrazed rangeland sites in Kohneh Lashak, Nowshahr. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 75: 37-46.
Shakeri, Z., 2012. Invasive plants resulting of disturbance in Fagus orientalis communities in Caspian forests, north of Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 105 p.
- Sheley, R.L. and Petroff, J.K. (Eds.), 1999. Biology and management of noxious rangeland weeds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, 464 p.
- Simberloff, D. and Rejmanek, M., 2011. Encyclopedia of biological invasions. University of California Press, Los Angeles, 792 p.
Ter Braak, C.J.F., 1987. The analysis of vegetation-environment relationship by canonical correspondence analysis. Vegatato, 69: 69-77.
Ter Braak, C.J.F. and Smilauer, P., 2012. Canoco 4.99, Software for multivariate data exploration, Trial version.
Torok, K., 1991. The influence of biotic disturbance on the structure and natural state of rocky grassland: a case study in the Pilis Biosphere Reserve, Hungary. Abstracta Botanica, 13: 47-66.
Van Uytvanck, J. and Hoffmann, M., 2009. Impact of grazing management with large herbivores on forest ground flora and bramble understory. Acta Oecologica, 35: 523- 532.
Vavra, M., Paks, C.G. and Wisdom, M.J., 2007. Biodiversity, exotic plant species, and herbivory: The good, the bad, and the ungulate. Forest Ecology and Management, 246: 66- 72.
Wassie, A., Sterck, F.J., Teketay, D. and Bongers, F., 2009. Effect of livestock exclusion on tree regeneration in Church forests of Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management, 257:765- 772.
Whittaker, R.H., 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs, 26: 1-80.
Zahedipour, H., 1997. The investigation of diversity in three grazing treatments via models. Journal of Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 33: 71-77.
Zida, D., Sawadogo, L., Tigabu, M. and Oden, P.C., 2007. Dynamics of sapling population in savanna woodlands of Burkina Faso subjected to grazing, early fire and selective tree cutting for a decade. Forest Ecology and Management, 243: 102- 115.