تأثیر منابع مختلف کودی بر ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیکی گیاه دارویی بالنگو (Lallemantia iberica L.) در شرایط تنش خشکی

- Abasi Sadr, S., Sharafi, S. and Hassanzadeh Ghorttapeh, A., 2018. Effect of drought stress and seed priming on some vegetative and reproductive traits of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) var Esfahan. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 12(1): 75-88. https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Article/956455?FullText=FullText

- Abbasi Holasou, H., Abdollahi Mandoulakani, B., Jafari, M. and Bernousi, I., 2016. Distribution pattern and insertional polymorphism of retrotransposons in Linum austriacum L. populations. Agricultural Biotechnology, 6(2): 51-61. https://ab.basu.ac.ir/article_1511.html?lang=en

- Abbasi Holasou, H., Alavi Kia, S.S., Mohammadi, S.A. and Moghaddam Vahed, M., 2023. Mixed linear models for the genetic inheritance of grain zinc and iron content, agronomic and biochemical traits in bread wheat under salinity stress. Biologia, 78: 3353-3365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-023-01538-9

- Abdelaziz, M., Pokluda, R. and Abdelwahab, M., 2007. Influence of compost, microorganisms and NPK fertilization upon growth, chemical composition and essential oil production of (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Notulae Botanica Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca Journal, 35(1): 86-90. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha351261

- Abdolahi Noruzi, M., Moradi Telavat, M., Siadat, S.A. and Khodaei Joghan, A., 2019. The effect of vermicompost and zeolite on flower yield and some characteristics of Calendula officinalis L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 35(2): 335-350. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2019.121728.2310

- Abedi-Koupai, J., Sohrab, J. and Swarbrick, G., 2008. Evaluation of hydrogel application on soil water retention characteristics. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31: 317-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160701853928

- Agazadeh, N., Hasanzadeh Ghorttapeh, A. and Sharafi, S., 2018. The effect of soil amendments on the grain yield and grain nutrient uptake of salsola plant in the bed of Urmia lake, Iran. Journal of Applied Ecology, 7(1): 55-67. https://doi.org/10.29252/ijae.7.1.55

- Aghighi Shahverdi, M., Amini Dahaghi, M., Ataei Somagh, H. and Mamivand, B., 2019. The effect of different nutritional systems with nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Plant Productions (Agronomy, Breeding and Horticulture), 41(4): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.22330.1479

- Ahmadi, K. and Omidi, H., 2019. Evaluation of morphological characteristics, yield components and catalase enzymes activity of Lallemantia royleana Benth. under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 11(2): 757-774. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v11i2.69373

- Ahmadpour, R., Hosseinzadeh, S.R., Armand, N. and Chashiani, S., 2017. Evaluation of growth features, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes activity of lentils cultivars in response to water stress. Nova Biologica Reperta, 4(3): 226-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.21859/acadpub.nbr.4.3.226

- Alves de Assis, J., Carneiro, J., Mediros, A.P.R., Honorato, A. C., Carneiro, M.A.C., Bertolucci, S.K.V. and Pinto, J.E.B.P., 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic manure enhance growth and accumulation of citral, total phenols, and flavonoids in Melissa officinalis L. Industrial Crops and Products, 158: 112981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112981

- Armak, A., Farzi, H. and Alipanah, M., 2018. Impact of use of different sources of humic, bio and nano fertilizers and nitrogen levels on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) flower yield. Journal of Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 5(4): 329-344. https://doi.org/10.22048/JSAT.2017.61855.1193

- Asadbeigi, M., Mohammadi, T., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Saki, K., Bahmani, M. and Delfan, M., 2014. Traditional effects of medicinal plants in the treatment of respiratory diseases and disorders: an ethnobotanical study in the Urmia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7: 364-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60259-5

- Ashraf, M. and Harris, P.J.C., 2013. Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview. Photosynthetica, 51(2): 163-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-013-0021-6

- Atlin, G.N., Cairns, J.E. and Das, B., 2017. Rapid breeding and varietal replacement are critical to adaptation of cropping systems in the developing world to climate change. Global Food Security, 12:31-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.008

- Bagheri, V., Shamshiri, M.H., Shirani, H. and Roosta, H., 2012. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae and drought stress on growth indexes, water relations and proline as well as soluble carbohydrate content in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstock seedlings. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 42(4): 365-377. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.2008482.1390.42.4.6.3

- Bansal, M., 2017. Organic farming: is it a solution to safe food? In Food Safety in the 21^st Century. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801773-9.00043-1

- Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D., 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39(1): 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060

- Baybordi, A., 2016. Effect of zeolite, selenium and silicon on yield, yield components and some physiological traits of canola under salt stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 14(1): 154-170. https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v14i1.36936

- Daneshmandi, M.S. and Seyyedi, S.M., 2019. Nutrient availability and saffron corms growth affected by composted pistachio residues and commercial poultry manure in a calcareous soil. Communication Soil Science and Plant Anal, 5(12): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00103624.2019.1626871

- Dhindsa, R.S., Plumb-Dhindsa, P.A.M.E.L.A. and Thorpe, T.A., 1981. Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Journal of Experimental Botany, 32(1): 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/32.1.93

- Eneji, A.E., Islam, R., An, P. and Amalu, U.C., 2013. Nitrate retention and physiological adjustment of maize to soil amendment with superabsorbent polymers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 52: 474-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.02.027

- Esmaeelian, Y., Amiri, M.B., Askari Naeen, S., Moradi Sadr, J. and Heidari Amale, F., 2018. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and yield components of garlic medicinal plant (Allium sativum L.) under the conditions of different organic and chemical fertilizers application. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 31(4): 722-738. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v31i4.60566

- Esmaielpour, B., Jalilvand, P. and Hadian, J., 2013. Effects of drought stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on some morphophysiological traits and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Journal of Agroecology, 5(2): 169-177. https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V5I2.24496

- Fadaee, E., Parvizi, Y., Gerdakane, M. and Khan-Ahmadi, M., 2018. The effects of mycorhiza (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradiceae) and phosphorus on growth and phytochemical traits of Dracocephalum moldavica L. under drought stress. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 17(66): 100-112. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.2717204.2018.17.66.12.0

- Ghabooli, M., Hosseini Salekdeh, G. and Sepehri, M., 2015. The effect of mycorrhiza-like fungus Piriformospora indica on some morphophysiological traits of rice under normal and drought stress conditions. Plant Production Technology, 7(1): 59-69. https://ppt.basu.ac.ir/article_1272.html

- Ghasemian, V., Shafagh Kalvanagh, J. and Pirzad, A., 2017. Effect of fertilizer treatments and irrigation regimes on Lallemantia iberica seed mucilage yield and compounds. Agricultureal Science and Sustainable Production, 27(3): 17-31. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_6631.html

- Gustavo, G.Y., Susana, M.G. and Maria, L.T., 2006. Effect of UV-B radiation on the activity and isoforms of enzymes with peroxidase activity in sunflower cotyledons. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 56: 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.01.015

- Hamzei, J. and Salimi, F., 2015. Root colonization, yield and yield components of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) affected by mycorhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer. Journal of Agricultural and Sustainable Production, 24(4): 85-96. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/issue_186_564.html

- Hassanzadeh-Gorttapeh, A. and Zahen-Manesh, M., 2006. Effects of fertilizers systems on quality and quantity of oil from different sunflower cultivars. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 7(4): 891-895. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299256865

- Heath, R.L. and Packer, L., 1968. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125(1): 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(68)90654-1

- Heydarzadeh, S., Arena, K., Vitale, E., Rahimi, A., Mirzapour, M., Nasar, J., Kisaka, O., Sow, S., Ranjan, S. and Gitari, H., 2023. Impact of different fertilizer sources under supplemental irrigation and rainfed conditions on eco-physiological responses and yield characteristics of dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica). Plants, 12: 1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081693

- Hosseinzadeh Namin, P. and Amini Dehaghi, M., 2014. Effect of integrated usage of biological and chemical phosphate fertilizers on growth, yield, yield components and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgar Mill.). Journal of Plant Biology of Iran, 27(4): 592-602.

- Hosseinzadeh, S.R., Amiri, H. and Ismaili, A., 2016. Effect of vermicompost fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. Photosynthetica, 54(1): 87-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-015-0162-x

- Hussain, M., Farooq, S., Hasan, W., Ul-Allah, S., Tanveer, M., Farooq, M. and Nawaz, A., 2018. Drought stress in sunflower: Physiological effects and its management through breeding and agronomic alternatives. Agricultural Water Management, 201: 152-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.01.028

- Islam, M., Xue, X., Mao, S., Ren, C., Eneji, A. and Hu, Y., 2011. Effects of water saving super-absorbent polymer on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in corn (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91: 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4252

- Izan, T., Javanmard, A., Shekari, F., Sabaghnia, N. and Abbasi, A., 2020. Evaluation of yield, yield components and some physiological traits of sunflower with integrative application of biological, chemical, and organic fertilizers under different irrigation levels. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 30(3): 87-111. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.24764310.1399.30.3.6.1

- Javan Gholiloo, M., Yarnia, M., Hasanzadeh Ghorttapeh, A., Farahvash, F. and Mohammad Daneshian, A., 2019. Evaluating effects of drought stress and bio-fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative traits of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(13): 1417-1429. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1628972

- Jin, R., Shi, H., Han, C., Zhong, B., Wang, Q. and Chan, Z., 2015. Physiological changes of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) after progressive drought stress and rehydration. Scientia Horticulturae, 194: 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.08.023

- Karami, A., Sepehri, A., Hamzei, J. and Salimi, G., 2011. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorous biofertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of borage (Borago officinalis L.) under water deficit stress. Plant Production Technology, 3(1): 37-50. https://ppt.basu.ac.ir/article_246.html?lang=fa

- Khaninejad, S., Khazaie, H.R., Nabati, J. and Kafi, M., 2016. Effect of three species of mycorrhiza inoculation on yield and some physiological properties of two potato cultivars under drought stress in controlled conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 14(4): 574-558. https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/?_action=article&kw=37021&_kw=Agria&lang=en

- Khorramdel, S., Koocheki, A., Nasiri Mahalati, M. and Ghorbani, R., 2010. Effect of biofertilizers on the yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 8(5): 768-776. https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/article_33469_feec0e39618d4c2ddaed1a3695e39b3d.pdf?lang=en

- Lenoir, I., Fontaine, J. and Sahraoui, A.L., 2016. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal responses to abiotic stresses: A review. Phytochemistry, 123: 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. phytochem.2016.01.002

- Liang, X., Zhang, L., Natarajan, S.K. and Becker, D.F., 2013. Proline mechanisms of stress survival. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, 19(9): 998-1011. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.5074

- Martinez, J.P., Silva, H., Ledent, J.F. and Pinto, M., 2007. Effect of drought stress on theosmotic adjustment, cell wall elasticity and cell volume of six cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 26(1): 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.08.003

- Masoumi, A., Kafi, M., Nabati, J., Khazaei, H.R., Davari, K. and Zare Mehrjerdi, M., 2012. Effect of drought stress on leaf water status, electrolyte leakage, photosynthesis parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence of two Kochia ecotypes (Kochia scoparia) irrigated with saline water. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10(3): 476-484. https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v10i3.17666

-Mehrabi, Y., Movahhedi Dehnavi, M., Salehi, A., Mohatashami, R., Hamidian, M., 2020. Improving physiological traits, yield and essential oil of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) via application of phosphorus bio-fertilizers and supplementary irrigation under dryland condition. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 35(6): 1044-1057. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2020.127588.2626

- Mittler, R., 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science, 7(9): 405-410. https://doi: 10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02312-9.

- Moghadasan, Sh., Safipour Afshar, A. and Saeid Nematpour, F., 2016. The role of mycorrhiza in drought tolerance of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 9(36): 521-532. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/jcep/Issue/42866

- Mohammadghasemi, V., Moghaddam, S.S., Rahimi, A., Pourakbar, L. and Popovic-Djordjevic, J., 2020. The effect of winter sowing, chemical, and nano‑fertilizer sources on oil content and fatty acids of dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica Fischer & C.A. Meyrefeer). Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 40: 1714-1727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10220-2

- Mohammadpour Vashvaei, R., Ramroudi, M. and Fakheri, B.A., 2017. Effects of drought stress and bio-fertilizer inoculation on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of marian thistle (Silybum marianum L.). Journal of Agroecology, 9(1): 31-49. https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V9I1.32650

- Nagananda, G.S., Das, A., Bhattacharya, S. and Kalpana, T., 2010. In vitro studies on the effects of biofertilizers (Azotobacter and Rhizobium) on seed germination and development of Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. using a novel glass marble containing liquid medium. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 6: 394-403. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2010.394.403

- Nikou, S., Mirshkari, B., Pooryousef miandoab, M., Rashidi, V. and Hasanzadeh Ghorttapeh, A., 2019. Effects of organic, chemical and integrated nutrition systems on morpho-physiological traits of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 24(1): 70-80. https://doi.org/10.17557/tjfc.567363

- Nykanen, V.P.S., Nykanen, A., Puska M.A., Goulart-Silva, G. and Ruokolainen, J., 2011. Dual reponsive and super absorbing thermally cross-linked hydrogel based on methacrylate substituted polyphosphazene. Soft Matter Journal, 7: 4414-4424. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0SM01000F

- Omidi, H., Pirjalili, F. and Ahmadi, K., 2020. Evaluation of the effect of drought stress on morphophysiological characteristics of three populations of balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth.). Journal of Horticultural Science, 34(4): 605-620. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v34i4.82643

- Ostadi, A., Javanmard, A., Amani Machiani, M., Morshedloo, M.R., Nouraein, M., Rasouli, F. and Maggi, F., 2020. Effect of different fertilizer sources and harvesting time on the growth characteristics, nutrient uptakes, essential oil productivity and composition of Mentha x piperita L. Industrial Crops and Products, 148: 112290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112290

- Pirzad, A.R., Habibzadeh, Y. and Jalilian, J., 2014. Seed yield variations mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) at mycorrhizal symbiosis under water stress. Research in Field Crops, 2(2): 33-43. https://rfcj.urmia.ac.ir/article_20020.html?lang=en

- Polat, E., Karaca, M.H., Demir, H. and Naci Onus, A., 2004. Use of natural zeolita (clinoptilolite) in agriculture. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 12: 183-189. https://www.inhort.pl/files/journal_pdf/journal_2004spec/full2004-22spec.pdf

- Rezaei Chiyaneh, E., Faridvand, Sh., Amirnia, R., Mahdavikia, H. and Rahimi, A., 2018. Effect of organic and biofertilizers on yield and some qualitative characteristics of the dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) in dryfarming conditions. Agricultureal Science and Sustainable Production, 28(4): 25-40. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_8338.html?lang=en

- Rezaei Chiyaneh, E., Khorramdel, S., Movludi, A. and Rahimi, A., 2017. Effects of nano chelated zinc and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on some agronomic and physiological characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 15(1): 168-184. https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i1.49876

- Rezaei Chiyaneh, E., Jamali, M., Pirzad, A. and Tofig, S., 2016. Effect of mycorrhizal fungi on some morphophysiological characters and yield of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) in salt stress conditions. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 5(17): 15-28. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.23222727.1395.5.17.5.2

- Saadi Moghaddam, S., Javanmard, A., Morshedloo, M.R. and Nouraein M., 2020. Effect of integrated application of biological and chemical fertilizers on the quality and quantity traits of dragons head (Lallemantia iberica) under rainfed condition. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 51(2): 459-477. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijhs.2019.273123.1578

- Sharifi, P., Seyedsalehi, M., Paladino, O. and Kyzas, G.Z., 2017. Investigation of morphological and phytochemical changes and tolerance threshold of chamomile under drought stress conditions. International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 5: 85-91. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318901738

- Shen, X., Zhou, Y., Duan, L., Li, Z., Enej, A.E. and Li, J., 2010. Silicon effects on photosynthesis andantioxidant parameters of soybean seedlings under drought and ultraviolet-B radiation. Plant Physiology, 167: 1248-1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2010.04.011

- Soleymani, F., Ahmadvand, G. and Safari Sanjani, A.A., 2016. The effect of chemical, biological and organic nutritional treatments on sunflowers yield and yield components under water deficit stress. Journal of Agroecology, 8: 107-119. https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V8I1.47535

- Soltanian, M., Tadayyon, A. and Fallah, S., 2015. The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on some vegetative traits and yield of linseed (Linum ussitatissimum L.) under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture), 17(3): 621-634. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2015.54374

- Srivastava, A.K., Pasala, R., Minhas, P.S. and Suprasanna, P., 2016. Plant bioregulators for sustainable agriculture: integrating redox signaling as a possible unifying mechanism. Advances in Agronomy, 137: 237-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2015.12.002

- Supratim, B., Roel, C.R. and Sangeeta, N., 2018. AMF: The future prospect for sustainable agriculture. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 102: 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2017.11.007

- Tasdighi, H., Salehi, A., Movahhedi Dehnavi, M. and Behzadi, Y., 2015. Survey of yield, yield components and essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L. with application of vermicompost and different irrigation levels. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 25: 61-78. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3943.html?lang=en

- Wu, Q.S. and Xia, R.X., 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology, 163(4): 417-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2005.04.024

- Wu, S.C., Caob, Z.H., Lib, Z.G., Cheunga, K.C. and Wong, M.H., 2005. Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma, 125: 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.07.003

- Xie, L., Liu, M., Ni, B., Zhang, X. and Wang, Y., 2011. Slow-release nitrogen and boron fertilizer from a functional superabsorbent formulation based on wheat straw and attapulgite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 167: 342-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.12.082

- Zare Hassanabadi, M., Dashti, M. and Akhondi, M., 2020. The effect of two species of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and morphophysiological characteristics of Mentha pulegium L. in drought stress. Iranian Medicinal Plants Technology, 2(2): 83-99. https://doi.org/10.22092/MPT.2020.127803.1049

- Zhang, T., Hu, Y., Zhang, K., Tian, C. and Guo, J., 2018. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve plant growth of Ricinus communis by altering photosynthetic properties and increasing pigments under drought and salt stress. Industrial Crops and Products, 117: 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.087

- Zheng, T., Liang, Y.H., Ye, S.H. and He, Z.Y., 2009. Superabsorbent hydrogels as carriers for the controlledrelease of urea: experiments and a mathematical model describing the release rate. Biosystems Engineering, 102: 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2008.09.027