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یوسف وند, ساناز, قربانی, اردوان, حسین‌نژاد جدیدی, مینا, معمری, مهدی, قویدل, اکبر, دلجو, فرید, رستمی, نرجس. (1404). مقایسه برخی مشخصه‌های شیمیایی، زیستی و آنزیمی خاک در داخل و خارج قرق منطقه شغال‌دره شهرستان نمین. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, (), 352-373. doi: 10.22092/ijrdr.2025.134828
ساناز یوسف وند; اردوان قربانی; مینا حسین‌نژاد جدیدی; مهدی معمری; اکبر قویدل; فرید دلجو; نرجس رستمی. "مقایسه برخی مشخصه‌های شیمیایی، زیستی و آنزیمی خاک در داخل و خارج قرق منطقه شغال‌دره شهرستان نمین". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, , , 1404, 352-373. doi: 10.22092/ijrdr.2025.134828
یوسف وند, ساناز, قربانی, اردوان, حسین‌نژاد جدیدی, مینا, معمری, مهدی, قویدل, اکبر, دلجو, فرید, رستمی, نرجس. (1404). 'مقایسه برخی مشخصه‌های شیمیایی، زیستی و آنزیمی خاک در داخل و خارج قرق منطقه شغال‌دره شهرستان نمین', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, (), pp. 352-373. doi: 10.22092/ijrdr.2025.134828
یوسف وند, ساناز, قربانی, اردوان, حسین‌نژاد جدیدی, مینا, معمری, مهدی, قویدل, اکبر, دلجو, فرید, رستمی, نرجس. مقایسه برخی مشخصه‌های شیمیایی، زیستی و آنزیمی خاک در داخل و خارج قرق منطقه شغال‌دره شهرستان نمین. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1404; (): 352-373. doi: 10.22092/ijrdr.2025.134828

مقایسه برخی مشخصه‌های شیمیایی، زیستی و آنزیمی خاک در داخل و خارج قرق منطقه شغال‌دره شهرستان نمین

تحقیقات مرتع و بیابان ایران
مقالات آماده انتشار، اصلاح شده برای چاپ، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 01 آذر 1404
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijrdr.2025.134828
نویسندگان
ساناز یوسف وند1؛ اردوان قربانی* 2؛ مینا حسین‌نژاد جدیدی3؛ مهدی معمری2؛ اکبر قویدل4؛ فرید دلجو5؛ نرجس رستمی6
1دانشجوی دکتری علوم و مهندسی مرتع، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
2استاد، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، پژوهشکده مدیریت آب، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
3دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مرتع‌داری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
4دانشیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
5دکترای علوم مهندسی مرتع، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
6دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت منابع خاک، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، ایران
چکیده
سابقه و هدف
فشار چرای دام بر مراتع و تخریب روزافزون این اراضی می‌تواند اثرهای مخربی بر مشخصه‌های خاک ایجاد کند. ازجمله روش‌های اصلاحی خاک‌های تخریب شده، افزایش حاصلخیزی مراتع و تلاش برای بهبود پایداری خاک و کاهش لگدکوبی با محدودیت چرای دام می‌باشد. از قرق به عنوان یکی از روش‌های تجدید حیات طبیعی برای بهبود وضعیت پوشش گیاهی و خاک در برنامه اصلاحی و احیایی مراتع استفاده می‌شود. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تاٴثیر قرق بر ویژگی های شیمیایی (هدایت الکتریکی، پتاسیم قابل جذب، فسفر قابل جذب، کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل و واکنش خاک)، زیستی (تنفس میکروبی پایه، تنفس میکروبی برانگیخته، کربن زی‌توده میکروبی، بهره متابولیک و سهم میکروبی خاک) و آنزیمی خاک (آلکالین فسفاتاز، دهیدروژناز و آنزیم اوره‌آز) در داخل و خارج قرق شغال‌دره شهرستان نمین انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها
برای انجام این تحقیق، قرق شغال‌دره در شهرستان نمین در استان اردبیل انتخاب شد. هجده نمونه خاک از شش سایت (سه سایت در داخل و سه سایت در خارج قرق) از عمق 5 تا 20 سانتی‌متری به صورت تصادفی - سیستماتیک از سه ترانسکت صد متری (در هر ترانسکت نمونه خاک از ابتدا، وسط و انتهای ترانسکت برداشت و بعد باهم مخلوط و به عنوان یک نمونه در هر ترانسکت در نظر گرفته شد). هر ترانسکت با فاصله 50 متر از هم انتخاب شد. نمونه‌ها را بلافاصله در مخزن یونولیت یخدار گذاشته و به آزمایشگاه منتقل و در یخچال منهای 80 درجه تا مرحله انجام آزمایش نگهداری گردید. ویژگی‌های بافت خاک، میزان شن، رس و سیلت، هدایت الکتریکی، پتاسیم قابل جذب، فسفر قابل جذب، کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، واکنش خاک، تنفس میکروبی پایه، تنفس میکروبی برانگیخته، کربن زی‌توده میکروبی، بهره‌متابولیک، بهره‌میکروبی خاک، آنزیم‌های آلکالین فسفاتاز، دهیدروژناز و اوره‌آز اندازه‌گیری شد. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها در دو منطقه داخل و خارج قرق با استفاده از آزمون t دو نمونه‌ای مستقل  انجام شد. نرمال بودن داده‌ها با آزمون شاپیرو-ویلک و همبستگی بین مشخصه‌های خاک با ضریب پیرسون در نرم‌افزار SPSSVer22 بررسی شد.
نتایج
نتایج نشان داد بافت خاک لومی شنی است، اما بین سایت‌های داخل و خارج قرق اختلاف معنی‌دار 5% P≤ وجود دارد، به گونه‌ای که میزان رس و سیلت در داخل قرق (به ترتیب 88/9 و 77/32 درصد) و میزان شن در خارج قرق 88/63 درصد بیشتر بود. پارامترهای هدایت الکتریکی، کربن آلی، پتاسیم (عصاره اشباع)، اسیدیته، فسفر قابل جذب و نیتروژن کل در خارج قرق دارای بیشترین مقدار بودند. تمام پارامترهای زیستی بجز بهره متابولیک، تفاوت معنی‌داری بین داخل و خارج قرق داشتند، به‌نحوی‌که بیشترین میزان تنفس میکروبی پایه، تنفس میکروبی برانگیخته و بهره میکروبی به ترتیب با مقادیر 32/0، 96/1 (mg Co2.g-1.day-1) و 12/1 (mg Cmic.g-1 C org) مربوط به داخل قرق و کربن زی‌توده میکروبی 80/513 (mg C mic. g-1) متعلق به خارج قرق بود. در داخل قرق، همبستگی مثبت بین درصد سیلت و شن و همبستگی منفی بین درصد رس و بهره متابولیک وجود داشت. فسفر قابل جذب با نیتروژن، کربن آلی و بهره میکروبی همبستگی مثبت نشان داد. نیتروژن نیز با کربن آلی، بهره متابولیک و بهره میکروبی همبستگی مثبت داشت. تنفس پایه و برانگیخته نیز همبستگی مثبت داشتند و کربن آلی با بهره متابولیک و میکروبی همبستگی مثبت نشان داد. در مقابل، pH با بهره میکروبی و کربن زی‌توده میکروبی همبستگی منفی داشت. در خارج قرق نیز، درصد رس با فسفر قابل جذب همبستگی مثبت و درصد سیلت و شن همبستگی منفی داشتند. نیتروژن با کربن آلی همبستگی مثبت نشان داد. تنفس پایه با تنفس برانگیخته و کربن زی‌توده میکروبی همبستگی مثبت داشت و تنفس برانگیخته نیز با کربن زی‌توده میکروبی همبستگی مثبت داشت. بهره متابولیک با بهره میکروبی همبستگی مثبت و کربن زی‌توده میکروبی با بهره متابولیک همبستگی منفی نشان داد. در ارتباط با آنزیم‌های دهیدروژناز، آلکالین فسفاتاز و اوره‌آز حداکثر میزان آنها به ترتیب 85/2 (µg TPF. g-1 dm. 16h-1)، 71/585 (µg pNP. g-1 dm. 1h) و 79/238 (µ.g N. g-1 dm. 2h) در داخل قرق مشاهده شد.
نتیجه‌گیری
چرای بیش از حد دام در اراضی مرتعی ایران، با کاهش ورود میزان بقایای گیاهی به خاک، سبب تغییر در ویژگی‌های شیمیایی، زیستی و آنزیمی خاک می‌شود. این کاهش مواد آلی و اختلال در فعالیت میکروارگانیسم‌ها، حاصلخیزی خاک را کاهش می‌دهد. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که اعمال قرق منجر به بهبود فعالیت‌های زیستی خاک، ازجمله افزایش فعالیت آنزیم‌ها و تنفس میکروبی، در منطقه قرق شده است. علاوه بر این، تغییرات مثبت در بافت خاک، به‌ویژه افزایش درصد رس و سیلت، مشاهده گردید. اگرچه کاهش جزئی در سطوح برخی مواد مغذی و جمعیت میکروارگانیسم‌های خاک در داخل قرق وجود داشت، این تغییرات احتمالاً تحت تأثیر الگوی چرای حیات وحش رخ داده و در نهایت به ایجاد یک اکوسیستم پایدار و متعادل با کارکرد بهینه در بلندمدت کمک می‌کند. ازاین‌رو، این نتایج بر نقش مؤثر مدیریت قرق در ارتقاء سلامت و پایداری اکوسیستم‌های طبیعی تأکید دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
آنزیم آلکالین فسفاتاز؛ استان اردبیل؛ پارامترهای زیستی خاک؛ قرق؛ کربن زی‌توده میکروبی
عنوان مقاله [English]
Comparison of Some Chemical, Biological and Enzymatic Characteristics of Soil Inside and Outside Exclosure of Shoghaldareh in Namin County
نویسندگان [English]
Sanaz Yousefvand1؛ Ardavan Ghorbani2؛ Mina Hosseinnejad Jadidi3؛ Mehdi Moameri2؛ Akbar Qavidel4؛ Farid Deljo5؛ Narjes Rostami6
1Ph.D. Student in Rangeland Sciences and Engineering, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2Professor, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Water Management Research Center, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3MSc. in Rangeland Science and Engineering, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
4Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
5MSc. in Rangeland Science and Engineering, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
6PhD, Student in Soil Resource Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background and objectives
The pressure of livestock grazing on rangelands and the increasing degradation of these ecosystems can have destructive effects on soil characteristics. Methods for improving degraded soils include increasing rangeland fertility, enhancing soil stability, and reducing trampling by restricting livestock grazing. Exclosure is widely used as a natural regeneration strategy to improve vegetation conditions, soil fertility, and conservation outcomes in rangeland restoration and improvement programs. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of exclosure on soil parameters, including electrical conductivity, absorbable potassium, absorbable phosphorus, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and soil reaction. Biological parameters, including basal microbial respiration, stimulated microbial respiration, microbial carbon, metabolic quotient, and soil microbial and enzymatic activities (alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and urease) were measured both inside and outside the Shoghaldareh exclosure in Nemin County.
Methodology
To conduct this study, the Shoghaldareh exclosure located in Nemin County (Ardabil Province) was selected. A total of 18 soil samples were collected from six sites (3 inside and 3outside the exclosure) at a depth of 5–20 cm. Samples were randomly taken along three 100-m transects (from the beginning, middle, and end of each transect, which were subsequently mixed to form one composite sample). Each transect was established 50 m apart. Collected samples were transferred to the laboratory in refrigerated containers and stored at –80°C until analyses were performed. The investigated parameters included soil texture (sand, clay, and silt), electrical conductivity, absorbable potassium, absorbable phosphorus, organic carbon, total nitrogen, soil reaction, basal microbial respiration, stimulated microbial respiration, microbial carbon, metabolic quotient, soil microbial quotient, and the activities of alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and urease. Data analysis was carried out separately for the two areas (inside and outside the exclosure) using an independent two-sample t-test. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, and correlations among soil characteristics were evaluated using Pearson’s coefficient in SPSS Ver. 22.
Results
The results indicated that the studied area had a sandy loam texture. A significant difference at the 5% probability level was observed between the inside and outside of the exclosure, such that the clay and silt contents inside the exclosure were 9.88% and 32.77%, respectively, while sand content was 63.88% higher outside the exclosure. Electrical conductivity, organic carbon, potassium (saturated extract), acidity, absorbable phosphorus, and total nitrogen showed the highest values outside the exclosure. All biological parameters, except metabolic quotient, exhibited significant differences between the interior and exterior of the exclosure. The highest levels of basal microbial respiration, stimulated microbial respiration, and microbial quotient—corresponding to 0.32 and 1.96 mg CO₂ g⁻¹ day⁻¹ and 1.2 mg Cmic g⁻¹ C org—were recorded inside the exclosure; whereas microbial biomass carbon (513.80 mg Cmic g⁻¹) belonged to the area outside the exclosure. Inside the exclosure, silt and sand percentages showed a positive correlation, whereas clay percentage had a negative correlation with the metabolic quotient. Available phosphorus exhibited a positive correlation with nitrogen, organic carbon, and the microbial quotient. Nitrogen was positively correlated with organic carbon, the metabolic quotient, and the microbial quotient. Basal and induced respiration were positively correlated, and organic carbon showed a positive correlation with both the metabolic and microbial quotients. In contrast, pH had a negative correlation with the microbial quotient and microbial biomass carbon. Outside the exclosure, clay percentage showed a positive correlation with available phosphorus, whereas silt and sand showed negative correlations. Nitrogen exhibited a positive correlation with organic carbon. Basal respiration had a positive correlation with induced respiration and microbial biomass carbon, and induced respiration was positively correlated with microbial biomass carbon. The metabolic quotient had a positive correlation with the microbial quotient, while microbial biomass carbon showed a negative correlation with the metabolic quotient. Regarding enzymatic activities, the highest values of dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease—2.85 µg TPF g⁻¹ dm 16 h⁻¹, 585.71 µg pNP g⁻¹ dm h⁻¹, and 238.79 µg N g⁻¹ dm, respectively—were recorded inside the exclosure.
Conclusion
Excessive grazing in Iran’s rangelands reduces the input of plant residues into the soil and alters chemical, biological, and soil enzymatic properties. This reduction in organic matter and disruption of microbial activity decreases soil fertility. The findings of this research demonstrate that implementing grazing exclosure improves soil biological activities, including increased enzymatic activity and microbial respiration, within the excluded area. Furthermore, positive changes in soil texture, particularly increases in clay and silt contents, were observed. Although a slight decrease in certain soil nutrients and microbial populations occurred within the exclosure, these changes were likely influenced by wildlife grazing patterns and ultimately contributed to establishing a sustainable, balanced ecosystem with optimized long-term functioning. Therefore, the results underscore the important role of grazing exclosure management in enhancing the health and sustainability of natural ecosystems.
 
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Alkaline phosphatase enzyme, Ardabil province, biological parameters of soil, exclosure, microbial carbon mass
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