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رضائی, میثم, مارزی, مصطفی, بازرگان, کامبیز, شهبازی, کریم, چراغی, میثم. (1404). پویایی و توزیع شکل‌های مختلف فسفر و پتاسیم در خاک اطراف ریشه ذرت و سیب‌زمینی در اثر کودآبیاری با سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 39(3), 263-286. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2025.370697.787
میثم رضائی; مصطفی مارزی; کامبیز بازرگان; کریم شهبازی; میثم چراغی. "پویایی و توزیع شکل‌های مختلف فسفر و پتاسیم در خاک اطراف ریشه ذرت و سیب‌زمینی در اثر کودآبیاری با سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 39, 3, 1404, 263-286. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2025.370697.787
رضائی, میثم, مارزی, مصطفی, بازرگان, کامبیز, شهبازی, کریم, چراغی, میثم. (1404). 'پویایی و توزیع شکل‌های مختلف فسفر و پتاسیم در خاک اطراف ریشه ذرت و سیب‌زمینی در اثر کودآبیاری با سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 39(3), pp. 263-286. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2025.370697.787
رضائی, میثم, مارزی, مصطفی, بازرگان, کامبیز, شهبازی, کریم, چراغی, میثم. پویایی و توزیع شکل‌های مختلف فسفر و پتاسیم در خاک اطراف ریشه ذرت و سیب‌زمینی در اثر کودآبیاری با سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1404; 39(3): 263-286. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2025.370697.787

پویایی و توزیع شکل‌های مختلف فسفر و پتاسیم در خاک اطراف ریشه ذرت و سیب‌زمینی در اثر کودآبیاری با سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای

پژوهش های خاک
دوره 39، شماره 3، آذر 1404، صفحه 263-286    اصل مقاله (2.41 M)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijsr.2025.370697.787
نویسندگان
میثم رضائی* ؛ مصطفی مارزی؛ کامبیز بازرگان؛ کریم شهبازی؛ میثم چراغی
موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
چکیده
پویایی، انتقال و توزیع عناصر غذایی در اغلب خاک‌ها غیر یکنواخت بوده و این غیر یکنواختی در سیستم آبیاری قطره­ای نمود بیشتری می­یابد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی پویایی فسفر و پتاسیم در کشت سیب­زمینی و ذرت تحت سیستم آبیاری قطره­ای در مزرعه اجرا گردید. سیب­زمینی به صورت جوی و پشته و ذرت به­صورت نواری کشت شد. برنامه آبیاری به­صورت 2 بار در هفته و هر بار 4 ساعت معادل 4 لیتر بر هر متر طول تیپ بود. مقدار کود موردنیاز بر اساس آزمون خاک در دو نوبت تقسیط شد و از طریق کود آبیاری (یک ساعت پس از شروع آبیاری، به مدت سه ساعت) اعمال شد. پس از کودآبیاری اول، نمونه­برداری خاک در فواصل زمانی 4، 24، 98 و 624 و 1632 ساعت و کودآبیاری دوم در فواصل زمانی 4، 24، 98 و 960 ساعت با فواصل افقی0، 5، 10 و 15 سانتی­متر و فواصل عمقی 0-5، 5-10، 10-15، 15-20، 25-30 و 30- 40 سانتی‌متر (روش آگر) از قطره چکان با دو تکرار (در 2 بوته گیاه) انجام شد. رطوبت خاک با استفاده از دستگاه TDR در اعماق ۱۰ تا ۵۰ سانتی­متر و در دو نوبت روزانه اندازه­گیری شد. داده­های حاصل با استفاده از روش­های درون­یابی و تحلیل مکانی-زمانی مورد پردازش قرار گرفتند. نتایج حاکی از الگوی کاملاً متمایز توزیع عناصر پرتحرک پتاسیم و کم­تحرک فسفر بود. به­طوریکه بیشترین تجمع این عناصر در محدوده ۰–۱۵ سانتی­متر عمودی و ۰–۳۵ سانتی­متر افقی از قطره­چکان مشاهده شد. همچنین همبستگی معناداری بین الگوی پیشروی جبهه رطوبتی و توزیع عناصر غذایی مشاهده شد. نتایج نشان داد در گیاهان با سیستم ریشه­زایی سطحی (مانند سیب­زمینی)، کاربرد تقسیطی کود با دوز کمتر نسبت به کاربرد یکباره کود برتری دارد. بنابراین، مدیریت تقسیط کود در سیستم آبیاری قطره­ای با توجه به الگوی توزیع رطوبت و ویژگی­های ریشه­زایی محصول، می­تواند به­طور مؤثری کارایی و فراهمی مصرف کود را افزایش داده و از تلفات عناصر غذایی جلوگیری کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
آبیاری قطره‌ای؛ حرکت و انتقال املاح؛ رطوبت خاک؛ شبیه‌سازی؛ کودآبیاری؛ مدل‌سازی
عنوان مقاله [English]
Dynamics and Distribution of Different Forms of Phosphorus and Potassium in the Rhizosphere of Maize and Potato under Drip Fertigation
نویسندگان [English]
Meisam Rezaei؛ Mostafa Marzi؛ Kambiz Bazargan؛ Karim Shahbazi؛ Meysam Cheraghi
Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background and Objectives: Agricultural systems in arid and semi-arid regions face significant challenges, including water scarcity, climate change, and inefficient resource management. Drip fertigation, which delivers water and fertilizers directly to the root zone, enhances resource use efficiency by synchronizing nutrient supply with crop demand. Understanding the dynamics of essential nutrients like phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) under this system is vital, as their behavior differs significantly. Phosphorus is relatively immobile in soil due to strong adsorption and precipitation reactions, particularly in calcareous soils. In contrast, potassium exhibits greater mobility, moving via both diffusion and mass flow. The distribution of these nutrients is influenced by the soil's wetting pattern, soil properties, irrigation regime, and crop root architecture. This field study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of P and K for two crops with contrasting root systems—maize and potato—under drip fertigation.This study aimed to: 1) Evaluate the horizontal and vertical distribution of soluble and available forms of P and K in the soil profile around maize and potato roots; 2) Compare the nutrient depletion profiles in the rhizosphere of both crops; and 3) Investigate the transformation of applied P and K into less mobile forms over time.
 




Materials and Methods: The research was carried out at the Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj, Iran. The soil texture was clay loam with a calcareous nature (0.6% organic carbon and 9.4% calcium carbonate equivalent). Potato (Agria cultivar) was cultivated in a ridge-and-furrow system, while maize (Single Cross 704 hybrid) was planted in a strip pattern. The field was equipped with a surface drip irrigation system. Irrigation was applied twice weekly for 4 hours per session, delivering 4 liters per meter of drip tape. The fertilizer requirement (e.g., NPK), determined based on soil test results, was applied in two split applications. Fertigation commenced one hour after the start of irrigation and continued for three hours. Soil moisture was monitored twice daily using TDR sensors installed at various depths (10–50 cm). Following the first and second fertigation events, intensive soil sampling was performed at specific time intervals (4, 24, 98, 624, and 1632 hours after each). Samples were taken at horizontal distances of 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm from the emitter and at vertical depth intervals of 0–5, 5-10, 10–15, 15–20, 25–30, and 30–40 cm using an auger, with two replicates per treatment (including a non-cropped control plot). The collected soil samples were analyzed for soluble P, available P (Olsen method), soluble K, exchangeable K, and non-exchangeable K.
 




Results: The results revealed distinctly different distribution patterns for potassium and phosphorus. The maximum accumulation for both elements was confined to a zone within 0–15 cm vertically and 0–35 cm horizontally from the drip emitter, closely following the advance of the soil wetting front. Phosphorus movement was limited. Maximum vertical and horizontal movement reached only 13 cm and 20 cm, respectively. Soluble P concentrations increased sharply shortly after fertigation and returned to baseline within five days. Available P showed greater horizontal dispersion than soluble P. Crop-specific differences were evident; maize restricted vertical P movement, while potato promoted lateral dispersion, reflecting their distinct root architectures and water uptake patterns. Potassium was significantly more mobile, moving up to 20 cm vertically and over 35 cm horizontally. The distributions of soluble and exchangeable K were highly correlated and dependent on moisture flow. Rapid K movement occurred initially when soil moisture was high. Importantly, K concentrations in the root zone of cropped plots were substantially lower than in the non-cropped control, demonstrating significant plant uptake.
 




Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the dynamics and distribution of phosphorus and potassium under drip fertigation are strongly influenced by soil properties, soil moisture, and the specific crop and its root system. The practice of split fertigation with lower concentrations per application is highly recommended, particularly for crops with shallow root systems, as it synchronizes nutrient supply with root activity, thereby improving fertilizer use efficiency and mitigating environmental risks. The successful application of geostatistical interpolation to visualize these complex patterns underscores the potential of integrating simulation models like HYDRUS for optimizing fertigation management strategies, reducing the need for costly and time-intensive field trials. This research provides practical insights for enhancing nutrient management in drip-irrigated maize and potato systems in arid and semi-arid regions.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Drip irrigation, Fertigation, Model, Simulation, Soil moisture, Solute transport and movement
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