اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات285
تعداد نشریات سازمان83
تعداد شماره‌ها3,084
تعداد مقالات34,405
تعداد مشاهده مقاله48,428,548
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله79,085,169
خودشناس, محمد علی, قدبیک لو, جواد. (1404). شناخت وضعیت شوری خاک‌ باغ های انار ساوه. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, (), 247-262. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2025.370194.783
محمد علی خودشناس; جواد قدبیک لو. "شناخت وضعیت شوری خاک‌ باغ های انار ساوه". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, , , 1404, 247-262. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2025.370194.783
خودشناس, محمد علی, قدبیک لو, جواد. (1404). 'شناخت وضعیت شوری خاک‌ باغ های انار ساوه', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, (), pp. 247-262. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2025.370194.783
خودشناس, محمد علی, قدبیک لو, جواد. شناخت وضعیت شوری خاک‌ باغ های انار ساوه. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1404; (): 247-262. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2025.370194.783

شناخت وضعیت شوری خاک‌ باغ های انار ساوه

پژوهش های خاک
مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 23 مهر 1404    اصل مقاله (1.46 M)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijsr.2025.370194.783
نویسندگان
محمد علی خودشناس* ؛ جواد قدبیک لو
عضو هیئت علمی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مرکزی
چکیده
شوری خاک یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های تولید پایدار انار (Punica granatum L.) در شهرستان ساوه به شمار می‌رود. قرارگیری این منطقه در اقلیم خشک و نیمه‌خشک، شرایط را برای تجمع نمک‌ها و سدیمی‌شدن خاک فراهم کرده است که می‌تواند اثرات منفی قابل‌توجهی بر رشد درختان، کاهش عملکرد و افت کیفیت میوه انار بر جای گذارد. با توجه به اهمیت این موضوع، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی وضعیت شوری و خطر سدیمی خاک‌های باغ ها انار منطقه انجام شد. در این مطالعه از 23 باغ انار نمونه‌برداری خاک انجام شد. ویژگی هایی مانند هدایت الکتریکی عصاره گل اشباع، اسیدیته، کربنات کلسیم معادل، بافت، سدیم، کلسیم و منیزیم، کلر محلول، سولفات و نسبت جذب سدیم اندازه‌گیری و داده‌ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی، تحلیل شد. ضریب همبستگی ویژگی ها تعیین و هدایت الکتریکی عصاره گل اشباع خاک های مورد مطالعه با استفاده از روش درون‌یابی مکانی پهنه بندی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین هدایت الکتریکی عصاره گل اشباع خاک‌ها 4/08 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر بود. میانگین اسیدیته خاک ها 7/8 و میانگین کربنات کلسیم معادل 22/02 درصد بود. همبستگی بالایی بین سدیم و بی کربنات محلول با هدایت الکتریکی عصاره گل اشباع مشاهده شد. میانگین کلر، سولفات و بی‌کربنات به ترتیب20/41، 18/25 و 2/16 میلی‌اکی‌والان بر لیتر بود. 65/2 درصد از خاک‌های مورد مطالعه از نظر شوری و سدیمی بودن فاقد محدودیت بود. بر اساس نقشه پهنه بندی 7000 هکتار از اراضی مورد مطالعه در گروه خاک‌های شور قرار گرفت که بیانگر وجود محدودیت برای تولید پایدار محصول است. بر اساس یافته‌های این تحقیق، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که اگرچه بخشی از خاک‌های باغ ها انار شهرستان ساوه با مشکل شوری مواجه هستند، اما خطر سدیمی‌شدن پایین است. بنابراین، استفاده از راهکارهای مدیریتی نظیر بهبود روش‌های آبیاری، اصلاح خاک و مدیریت بهینه تغذیه گیاهی می‌تواند در کاهش اثرات منفی شوری و پایداری تولید انار نقش مؤثری ایفا نماید.
کلیدواژه‌ها
شوری خاک؛ انار؛ ساوه؛ نسبت جذب سدیم؛ کربنات کلسیم معادل
عنوان مقاله [English]
Assessment of soils salinity status in pomegranate orchards of Saveh
نویسندگان [English]
Mohammad Ali khodshenas؛ Javad Ghadbeyklou
Scientific Member , Soil and Water Department, Markazi Agricultural and Resources Research and Training Center, AREEO, Arak, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background and Objectives: Iran, as the third-largest pomegranate producer in the world, possesses one of the richest genetic reservoirs of this crop, with approximately 800 identified genotypes. Saveh is among the most important pomegranate-producing regions in Iran, contributing significantly to the national output and export of the fruit.
However, the arid to semi-arid climate of the area and the declining precipitation have led to salt accumulation in the soil, resulting in salinization and a tendency toward sodicity. Besides reducing growth and yield, salinity negatively affects fruit quality. Assessing the current status of soil salinity and the risk of sodicity is therefore essential for the sustainable management of pomegranate orchards in the region.




Mterials and Methods: This study was conducted in the pomegranate orchards of Saveh. After georeferencing the orchards and preparing a base map, soil samples were taken from the 0–60 cm depth. A total of 23 samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory, where the following chemical properties were determined: pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the saturation paste, calcium-carbonate equivalent (CCE), soluble Cl⁻, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄²⁻, and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. For spatial modeling of salinity, log-transformed data were interpolated by ordinary kriging. A spherical variogram (nugget = 1.5, sill = 18, range ≈ 8 km) was selected as the best-fit model, and its performance was validated by cross-validation.




Results: Results showed that 65.2 % of the samples were non-saline, whereas 34.8 % fell into the saline class. Mean ECe was 4.08 dS m⁻¹, mean pH 7.8, and mean CCE 22.02 %. Strong positive correlations were observed between soluble Na⁺ and HCO₃⁻ and the ECe. Average concentrations of Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and HCO₃⁻ in the saturation extract were 20.41, 18.25, and 2.16 mmol L⁻¹, respectively. According to the salinity zoning map, 7,000 ha of the studied area are classified as salt-affected, implying a substantial limitation to sustainable pomegranate production.




Conclusion: Although a considerable portion of the orchard soils in Saveh currently suffers from salinity, the risk of sodicity remains low. Continuous monitoring of Na⁺ and HCO₃⁻ concentrations is nevertheless recommended to prevent future structural degradation and fertility decline.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
soil salinity, pomegranate, Saveh, sodium adsorption ratio, calcium carbonate equivalent
مراجع
  1. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad of Iran. 2022. Agricultural Statistical Yearbook 1400 (2021/22). Tehran: Deputy for Planning and Economic Affairs.(in persian)
  2. Alloway, B. J. Micronutrient deficiencies in global crop production. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6860-7.
  3. Ayers, R. S., and Westcot, D. W. 1985. Water quality for agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29.
  4. Brady, N. C., and R. R. Weil. 2016. The nature and properties of soils (15th ed.). Pearson. (Chapter 9: Soil Acidity).
  5. Chen, Y., and P. Barak. 1982. Iron nutrition of plants in calcareous soils. Advances in Agronomy, 35, 217-240. https://doi.org/1016/S0065-2113(08)60326-0.
  6. Corwin, D. L. 2021. Climate change impacts on soil salinity in agricultural areas. European Journal of Soil Science, 72(2), 842-862. https://doi. org/10.1111/ejss.13010. 862.
  7. Corwin, D.L., and K. Yemoto. 2020. "Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids." In Methods of Soil Analysis (pp. 1-18). SSSA Book Series.
  8. Corwin, D. L., and E. Scudiero. 2019. Review of soil salinity assessment for agriculture across multiple scales using proximal and/or remote sensors. Advances in Agronomy, 158, 1-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2019.07.001.
  9. Corwin, D. L., and Lesch, S. M. 2005. Apparent soil electrical conductivity measurements in agriculture. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 46, 11–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2004.10.005.
  10. Fageria, N. K., V.C. Baligar., and C.A. 2011. Growth and mineral nutrition of field crops (3rd ed.). CRC Press. http://dx.doi.org/1017/S0014479711000263.
  11. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Handbook for Saline Soil Management. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  12. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2017. Water quality for agriculture (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29 Rev. 1).
  13. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2016. Calcium and magnesium in irrigation water: Significance in soil and plant systems (FAO Water Reports 42). FAO.
  14. Food and Agriculture Organization . 1985. Water quality for agriculture (Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29). Rome: FAO.
  15. Goovaerts, P. 1997. Geostatistics for natural resources evaluation. New York: Oxford University Press.
  16. Grattan, S.R., and C.M. Grieve. 1999. Salinity-mineral nutrient relations in horticultural crops. Scientia Horticulturae, 78(1-4), 127-157.
  17. Havlin, J. L., J,D. Beaton., S.L. Tisdale., and W.L. Nelson. 2014. Soil fertility and fertilizers (8th ed.). Pearson.
  18. Holland, D., K. Hatib., and I. Bar-Ya'akov. 2009. Pomegranate: botany, horticulture, breeding. Horticultural Reviews, 35, 127-191. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470593776.ch2.
  19. 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.
  20. Isaaks, E. H., and Srivastava, R. M. 1989. An introduction to applied geostatistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  21. Karimi, H. R., and S.H. Mirdehghan. 2013. Correlation between the morphological characters of pomegranate (Punica granatum) traits and their implications for breeding. Turkish Journal of Botany. 355-362.
  22. Oster, J. D., and I. Shainberg. 1979. Exchangeable cation hydrolysis and soil weathering as affected by exchangeable sodium. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43:70-75.
  23. Li, J., and D. Heap. 2014. Spatial interpolation methods applied in the environmental sciences: A review. Environmental Modelling & Software, 53, 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.12.008.
  24. Lindsay, W. L., and A.P. Schwab. 1982. The chemistry of iron in soils and its availability to plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 5(4-7), 821-840. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904168209363012.
  25. Loeppert, R. H., and D.L. Suarez. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In D. L. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 3: Chemical methods (pp. 437-474). SSSA.
  26. Maas, E. V. 1993. Salt tolerance of plants. Appl. Agric. Res., 1, 12–36.
  27. Maas, E. V., and G.J. Hoffman. 1977. Crop salt tolerance-current assessment. Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, 103(2), 115-134.
  28. Marschner, P. 2012. Mineral nutrition of higher plants (3rd ed.). Academic Press. (Chapter 15: Soil ph).
  29. Maas, E.V. and S.R. Grattan. 1999. Crop yields as affected by salinity. In: R.W. Skaggs & J. Van Schilfgaarde (Eds.), Agricultural Drainage. Agronomy Monograph No. 38. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
  30. Mastrogiannidou, E., C. Chatzissavvidis, C. Antonopoulou, V. Tsabardoukas, A. Giannakoula, and I. Therios. 2016. Response of pomegranate cv. Wonderful plants tο salinity. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 16(3), 621-636. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162016005000032.
  31. Mclean, E. O. 1982. Soil ph and lime requirement. In A. L. Page (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis: Part 2 Chemical and microbiological properties (pp. 199-224). ASA-SSSA.
  32. Minhas, P. S., T.B. Ramos, A. Ben-Gal, and L.S. Pereira. 2020. Coping with salinity in irrigated agriculture: Crop evapotranspiration and water management issues. Agricultural Water Management, 227, 105832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105832.
  33. Mirdehghan, S. H., and M. 2015. Effects of hot water treatment on reducing chilling injury of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit during storage. V International Postharvest Symposium, 887-892.
  34. Momenpour, A. , M. Dehestani Ardakani, M. Shirmardi, J. Gholamnezhad, F. Ahmadi, and Jamaati. 2022. Salinity tolerance evaluation of twelve selected pomegranate (Punica granatum) genotypes to achieve tolerant cultivars and rootstocks. Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research, 5(Issue 4), 363-378. https://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2022.5152.1270.
  35. Qadir, M., and J. D. Oster. 2004. Crop and irrigation management strategies for saline-sodic soils and waters aimed at environmentally sustainable agriculture. Science of the Total Environment, 323(1–3), 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.012.
  36. Rengasamy, P. 2006. World salinization with emphasis on Australia. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(5), 1017-1023. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj108.
  37. Rengasamy, P. 2010. Soil processes affecting crop production in salt-affected soils. Functional Plant Biology, 37(7), 613-620. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP09249.
  38. Rhoades, J. D. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In D. L. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 3: Chemical methods (pp. 417-435). SSSA.
  39. Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Handbook 60. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture
  40. Rhoades, J.D., and J. Loveday. 1990. Salinity in irrigated agriculture. ASA Monograph ‘Irrig. Of Agric. Crops’, Agron. Monogr. No. 30. Pp.1089–1141.
  41. Rhoades, J.D., F. Chanduvi, and S. Lesch. 1999. Soil salinity assessment: methods and interpretation of electrical conductivity measurements. FAO irrigation & drainage paper 57. Rome: FAO. ISBN 92-5-104281-0.
  42. Ryan, J., G. Estefan, and A. Rashid. 2001. Soil and plant analysis laboratory manual (2nd ed.). ICARDA.
  43. Shrivastava, P., and R. Kumar. 2015. Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22(2), 123-131. https://doi.org/1016/j.sjbs.2014.12.001.
  44. Soil Science Society of America. 1996. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3—Chemical Methods. (D.L. Sparks, Ed.). Madison, WI: SSSA Book Series No. 5.
  45. Sparks, D. L., A.L. Page, P.A. Helmke, R.H. Loeppert, P.N. Soltanpour, M.A. Tabatabai, and M.E. Sumner. 2020. Methods of soil analysis, Part 3: Chemical methods (SSSA Book Series No. 5). Soil Science Society of America.
  46. Sposito, G. 2008. The chemistry of soils (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  47. Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, R., B. Minasny, F. Sarmadian, B.P. Malone. 2014. Digital mapping of soil salinity in Ardakan region, central Iran. Geoderma. 213:15-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.07.020.
  48. Thomas, G. W. 1996. Soil ph and soil acidity. In D. L. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 3: Chemical methods (pp. 475-490). SSSA.
  49. 2022. New UNECE standard will boost international trade in pomegranate. [online available] https://unece.org/sustainable-development/press/new-unece-standard-will-boost-international-trade-pomegranate.
  50. Webster, R., and Oliver, M. A. 2007. Geostatistics for environmental scientists (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470517277.
  51. Zaouay, F., P. Mena, and C. Garcia-Viguera, and M. Mars. 2012. Antioxidant activity and physico-chemical properties of Tunisian grown pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivars. Industrial Crops and Products, 40, pp.81-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.02.045.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 132
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 39


counter
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب