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اثر عصاره Thymbra spicata L.، جلبک دریایی و بیوکودهای باکتریایی بر Thymus vulgaris L. تحت تنش شوری | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 41، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 124، تیر 1404، صفحه 266-292 اصل مقاله (1.51 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijmapr.2025.366648.3466 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محمد کریم شبلی1؛ مجید بگنظری* 2؛ میثم محمدی3؛ افسانه عزیزی4 | ||
| 1دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران | ||
| 2استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. | ||
| 3استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران | ||
| 4دانشجوی دکترای تخصصی، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: آویشن باغی (Thymus vulgaris L.) در بین گیاهان دارویی به دلیل استفاده در صنایع مختلف از جایگاه ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. شوری دومین عامل محیطی است که تولید محصولات کشاورزی را در بخش قابل توجهی از مناطق کشاورزی جهان و ایران محدود می‌‌کند. کودهای زیستی با تأمین عناصر ماکرو و میکرو، اسیدهای آمینه و هورمون‌های گیاهی باعث افزایش رشد و محافظت از گیاهان در برابر تنش می‌شوند. در این مطالعه، اثرهای عصاره آویشن زوفایی (Thymbra spicata L.) به همراه کودهای زیستی جلبک دریایی و کامل باکتریایی بر ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی، عملکرد اسانس و متابولیت‌های ثانویه گیاه دارویی آویشن باغی در شرایط تنش شوری بررسی شد. مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی گیاهان دارویی دانشگاه ایلام طراحی و اجرا شد. فاکتور اول این آزمایش شامل تیمارهای عصاره آویشن زوفایی 10% (TS)، کود زیستی جلبک دریایی 1% (SB)، کود کامل باکتریایی 10% (BB) و تلفیق آنها و فاکتور دوم شامل سطوح مختلف شوری ]صفر (S0)، ۱۰۰ (S100) و ۲۰۰ (S200)[ میلی‌مولار کلرید سدیم بودند. در این پژوهش علاوه بر صفات مورفولوژیکی، محتوای نسبی آب، نشت الکترولیت، کلروفیل کل، کاروتنوئید و آنتوسیانین شاخساره، فنول کل، فلاونوئید، پروتئین کل، قند محلول، پرولین، مالون دی‌آلدهید، فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز و فنیل‌آلانین‌آمونیالیاز، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و محتوای اسانس مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. همچنین شناسایی اجزای تشکیل‌دهنده اسانس توسط GC و GC/MS انجام شد. داده‌های آزمایش پس از جمع‌آوری توسط نرم‌افزار آماری 9.3 SAS تجزیه آماری شد و برای مقایسه اختلاف بین میانگین‌ها از آزمون Duncan در سطح احتمال 5% استفاده و نتایج به‌صورت جدول و نمودار توسط Excel گزارش شد. نتایج: براساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، با افزایش تنش شوری از میانگین شاخص‌های مورفولوژیکی، فیزیولوژی و بیوشیمیایی کاسته شد؛ اما کاربرد تیمارهای کودی اثر منفی تنش شوری را کاهش داد، به‌طوری‌که براساس مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها، در شرایط بدون تنش و اعمال تنش شوری بالاترین شاخص‌های مورفولوژیکی در تیمار تلفیقی TS+ SB+ BB ثبت گردید. همچنین این تیمار سبب افزایش محتوای نسبی آب، کلروفیل، کارتنوئید، آنتوسیانین، فنول کل، فلاونوئید، پروتئین کل، قند محلول و پرولین در تمامی سطوح تنش شد. صفات کارتنوئید، آنتوسیانین، فنول کل، فلاونوئید، پرولین، قند محلول، فعالیت آنزیم CAT، آنزیم PAL و آنتی‌اکسیدانی با افزایش سطح تنش افزایش یافتند. بالاترین فعالیت آنزیم PAL و آنتی‌اکسیدانی در دو سطح تنش S0 وS100 تحت تیمار TS ثبت و در تنش S200 تیمار تلفیقی TS+ SB+ BB بالاترین فعالیت را نشان داد. با افزایش تنش شوری، میزان نشت الکترولیت و محتوای مالون دی‌آلدهید افزایش یافت. در سه سطح تنش شوری، کاربرد تیمار تلفیقی TS+ SB+ BB میزان نشت الکترولیت و محتوای مالون دی‌آلدهید را کاهش داد. در این مطالعه در شرایط تنش S100 بالاترین محتوای اسانس ثبت گردید و کاربرد تیمار تلفیقی TS+ SB+ BB با افزایش محتوای اسانس، میزان تیمول را ۴۵% نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش داد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاصل از بررسی پارامترهای مورفوفیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی و تجزیه اسانس گیاه آویشن باغی نشان داد که تحت شرایط تنش شوری در میزان فعالیت فتوسنتزی و به دنبال آن کاهش وضعیت آب برگ و دیگر فاکتورهای رشدی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه کاهش معنی‌داری رخ داد. اثر متقابل تنش شوری و عصاره آویشن زوفایی و کودهای زیستی جلبک دریایی و کامل باکتریایی نشان داد که پارامترهای رشدی، فیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی، میزان و اجزای اسانس گیاهان تیمار شده نسبت به شاهد در شرایط تنش شوری بالا به میزان کمتری تحت تأثیر قرار گرفتند. در مجموع می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که استفاده از تیمار تلفیقی در شرایط تنش شوری، ضمن تعدیل اثر تنش می‌تواند گیاه را در شرایط تولید کمی و کیفی مطلوب‌تری نگه دارد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Thymus vulgaris L؛ اسانس؛ تیمول؛ فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی؛ تنش شوری؛ کارواکرول | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effects of Thymbra spicata L. extract, seaweed, and bacterial biofertilizers on Thymus vulgaris L. under salinity stress | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohammed Karim Shebli1؛ Majid Bagnazari2؛ Meisam Mohammadi3؛ Afsaneh Azizi4 | ||
| 1M.Sc. graduated of Horticultural Sciences, Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. | ||
| 3Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran | ||
| 4Ilam UniversityPh.D. Research Scholar, Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives: Garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is prominent among medicinal plants due to its applications across various industries. Salinity is the second most significant environmental factor limiting agricultural productivity in many regions worldwide, including Iran. Biofertilizers, which supply macro- and micronutrients, amino acids, and plant hormones, can enhance plant growth and improve stress resistance. This study examined the effects of thyme extract (Thymbra spicata), seaweed, and a comprehensive bacterial biofertilizer on garden thyme's morphophysiological traits, biochemical characteristics, essential oil yield, and secondary metabolite production under salt stress conditions. Methodology: This research was designed and implemented as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, conducted in the medicinal plant research greenhouse of Ilam University. The first factor included treatments of 10% T. spicata extract (TS), 1% seaweed (SB), 10% complete bacterial biofertilizer (BB), and their combination (TS+SB+BB). The second factor involved three salinity levels: 0, 100, and 200 mM sodium chloride (S0, S100, and S200). In this study, in addition to morphological traits, the following parameters were measured: relative water content, electrolyte leakage, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of shoots, total phenol, flavonoid, total protein, soluble sugar, proline, malondialdehyde, the enzyme activities of catalase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, antioxidant activity, and essential oil content. Essential oil components were also identified using GC and GC/MS. After data collection, the results were analyzed statistically using SAS 9.3 software, and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare means at a 5% probability level. The findings were presented in tables and graphs using Excel. Results: Based on the results, increasing salinity stress led to a decline in the average values of morphological, physiological, and biochemical indices of T. vulgaris. However, the application of biofertilizer treatments mitigated the adverse effects of salinity. According to the mean comparisons, under both non-stress and salinity stress conditions, the highest morphological indices were observed in the combined treatment of TS+SB+BB. This combined treatment also enhanced relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenol, flavonoid, total protein, soluble sugar, and proline at all stress levels. In terms of carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenol, flavonoid, proline, soluble sugar, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activities, and antioxidant properties, values generally increased with higher stress levels. The highest phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and antioxidant activity were recorded under both non-stress and moderate stress conditions with the TS treatment, while under high-stress conditions, the TS+SB+BB combination showed the greatest activity. Salinity stress also increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. However, at all three salinity levels, the application of the TS+SB+BB treatment significantly reduced electrolyte leakage and MDA content. In this study, the highest essential oil content was observed under moderate salinity stress (S100) in plants treated with the TS+SB+BB combination, which also increased thymol content by 45% compared to the control. Conclusion: The results of the morphophysiological and biochemical assessments, along with essential oil analysis of garden thyme, revealed a significant decline in photosynthetic activity under salt stress conditions. This reduction was accompanied by decreased leaf water status and a decline in various growth and biochemical parameters. The interaction between salinity stress and the TS+SB+BB biofertilizer treatment demonstrated that plants receiving the combined treatment experienced less reduction in growth, physiological, biochemical, and essential oil parameters under high salinity stress compared to untreated controls. Overall, it can be concluded that the combined biofertilizer treatment effectively mitigates the negative effects of salinity stress, supporting improved quantitative and qualitative performance of garden thyme under adverse conditions. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Thymus vulgaris L, essential oil, thymol, antioxidant activity, salinity stress, carvacrol | ||
| مراجع | ||
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