اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات285
تعداد نشریات سازمان83
تعداد شماره‌ها3,140
تعداد مقالات34,918
تعداد مشاهده مقاله50,385,256
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله90,278,497
علیزاده علی آبادی, علی. (1404). علل بروز آفات نوپدید در گیاهان و راهبرد‌های مقابله با آنها. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 23(1), 158-179. doi: 10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.368645.1665
علی علیزاده علی آبادی. "علل بروز آفات نوپدید در گیاهان و راهبرد‌های مقابله با آنها". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 23, 1, 1404, 158-179. doi: 10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.368645.1665
علیزاده علی آبادی, علی. (1404). 'علل بروز آفات نوپدید در گیاهان و راهبرد‌های مقابله با آنها', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 23(1), pp. 158-179. doi: 10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.368645.1665
علیزاده علی آبادی, علی. علل بروز آفات نوپدید در گیاهان و راهبرد‌های مقابله با آنها. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1404; 23(1): 158-179. doi: 10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.368645.1665

علل بروز آفات نوپدید در گیاهان و راهبرد‌های مقابله با آنها

تحقیقات حمایت و حفاظت جنگلها و مراتع ایران
مقاله 10، دوره 23، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 45، فروردین 1404، صفحه 158-179    اصل مقاله (1.24 M)
نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی مروری
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.368645.1665
نویسنده
علی علیزاده علی آبادی*
نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات بیماری‌های گیاهی، موسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
سابقه و هدف: درک علل پیدایش آفات نوظهور برای جلوگیری و کنترل آنها بسیار مهم است. برخی از عوامل مؤثر در بروز آفات نوپدید عبارتند از:
ورود طبیعی: برخی آفات و بیمارگرها از طریق عوامل طبیعی مانند باد، جریان‌های آبی یا پرندگان و سایر موجودات زنده به مناطق جدید منتقل می‌شوند. تغییرات محیطی و اکولوژیکی نیز می‌توانند موجب گسترش طبیعی این عوامل شوند.
ورود تصادفی یا سهوی: با توجه به افزایش تبادلات بین‌المللی، انتقال ناخواسته آفات و بیمارگرها به همراه کالاهای مختلف، به‌ویژه محصولات کشاورزی، سهل‌تر شده است. بذر، قلمه، پیوندک، نهال و سایر اندام‌های تکثیری، وسایل حمل‌ونقل مانند کامیون‌ها، کشتی‌ها و هواپیماها می‌توانند ناقل یا حامل این آفات باشند.
ورود تعمدی: برخی از آفات و بیمارگرها به‌منظور خرابکاری به‌صورت عمدی وارد کشور یا منطقه‌ای خاص می‌شوند. این نوع ورود می‌تواند در قالب جنگ بیولوژیک، تروریسم بیولوژیک و جنایت بیولوژیک رخ دهد که تهدیدی جدی برای امنیت غذایی و اقتصادی کشورها محسوب می‌شود.
تغییرات اقلیمی: دگرگونی‌های آب‌وهوایی، مانند افزایش دما، تغییر الگوهای بارندگی و خشک‌سالی، شرایط را برای گسترش برخی آفات مساعد می‌کند. این تغییرات موجب توسعه زیستگاه‌های مناسب برای برخی گونه‌های خسارت‌زا می‌شود که پیش‌تر در آن مناطق قابلیت رشد نداشتند.
فعالیت‌های انسانی و جهانی‌سازی: گسترش تجارت جهانی، حمل‌ونقل و شیوه‌های جدید کشاورزی نیز در پراکنش آفات نقش مهمی دارند. شهرنشینی و تخریب زیستگاه‌های طبیعی نیز از عواملی هستند که می‌توانند منجر به افزایش آفات شوند.
شکست مقاومت و هیبریداسیون: کاهش مقاومت گیاهان در برابر آفات و ایجاد گونه‌های جدید از طریق ترکیب ژنتیکی، می‌تواند منجر به ظهور آفات جدید شود. تغییرات ژنتیکی در آفات و بیمارگرها نیز می‌تواند موجب افزایش قدرت تهاجمی آنها شود.
مهندسی ژنتیک: ایجاد واریته‌های جدید گیاهی ممکن است موجب رشد و تکثیر برخی آفات شود که پیش‌تر کنترل‌شده بوده‌اند. دست‌کاری‌های ژنتیکی بدون ارزیابی اثرهای زیست‌محیطی، ممکن است خطر افزایش آسیب‌پذیری گیاهان را در برابر برخی آفات ایجاد کند.
تعدادی از راهکارهای مهم برای پیشگیری و کنترل آفات نوپدید به شرح زیر است:
شناسایی و مستندسازی آفات موجود: ایجاد بانک اطلاعاتی جامع از آفات، بیمارگرها و علف‌های هرز موجود در کشور، گام نخست در مدیریت این چالش است. داده‌های دقیق و به‌روز می‌توانند در پیشگیری و مقابله با این آفات کمک شایانی بکنند.
پایش و مراقبت مستمر: رصد دائمی مزارع، باغ‌ها و عرصه‌های طبیعی از طریق نمونه‌برداری و گزارش‌گیری منظم از وضعیت آفات، در تشخیص و کنترل به‌موقع آنها نقش اساسی دارد. برنامه‌های مراقبتی باید با استفاده از فناوری‌های نوین مانند سنجش از راه دور و داده‌های ماهواره‌ای انجام شوند.
کنترل مرزی و بازرسی محموله‌ها: اجرای دقیق مقررات قرنطینه‌ای برای ورود محصولات کشاورزی و سایر کالاهای وارداتی که می‌توانند ناقل آفات باشند، ضروریست. این موضوع مستلزم همکاری مستمر میان دستگاه‌های اجرایی و بهره‌گیری از فناوری‌های پیشرفته در بازرسی و پایش محموله‌هاست.
واکنش سریع و مدیریت بحران: در صورت شناسایی یک آفت نوپدید، نهادهای اجرایی باید با اتخاذ تدابیر بهداشتی مناسب، به حذف و امحای آن بپردازند. اجرای سریع اقدامات کنترلی و قرنطینه‌ای در مراحل ابتدایی ظهور آفات می‌تواند از گسترش آنها جلوگیری کند.
استفاده از راهکارهای مدیریت یکپارچه: شامل استفاده از گونه‌های مقاوم، تغییر شیوه‌های زراعی، کنترل بیولوژیک و در صورت لزوم، مداخلات شیمیایی کنترل‌شده است. به‌کارگیری ترکیبی از این روش‌ها می‌تواند تأثیر بیشتری در کنترل پایدار آفات داشته باشد.
افزایش همکاری‌های بین‌المللی: تبادل اطلاعات بین کشورها در‌مورد آفات نوظهور، نقش مهمی در کنترل و پیشگیری از شیوع آنها دارد. همکاری‌های علمی و استفاده از فناوری‌های نوین مانند هوش مصنوعی و یادگیری ماشین می‌تواند در شناسایی الگوهای شیوع آفات و ارائه راهکارهای مؤثر مفید باشد.
نتیجه‌گیری: با نگاهی به وضعیت آفات نوپدید در کشور می‌توان دریافت، یکی از مهمترین عوامل بروز این آفات، ورود تصادفی آنها از طریق محموله‌های کشاورزی و صنعتی بوده است. بنابراین، قانونمندتر شدن واردات محصولات کشاورزی و اجرای دقیق‌تر مقررات بهداشت نباتی و قرنطینه گیاهی، می‌تواند خطر ورود این آفات را کاهش دهد. در‌عین‌حال، مدیریت کارآمد و به‌کارگیری راهکارهای پیشگیرانه و کنترلی، از‌جمله پایش مستمر، تشخیص سریع و واکنش به‌موقع، می‌تواند تأثیر بسزایی در کاهش خسارت‌های ناشی از این آفات داشته باشد. همچنین، همکاری‌های بین‌المللی در زمینه اشتراک‌گذاری اطلاعات و تجربیات، گامی مؤثر برای تضمین امنیت غذایی جهانی محسوب می‌شود. توسعه فناوری‌های جدید و افزایش آگاهی کشاورزان و مسئولان نیز از عوامل کلیدی در مدیریت پایدار آفات نوپدید خواهد بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
آفات نوظهور؛ تغییر اقلیم؛ پیشگیری؛ مدیریت تلفیقی آفات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Emerging plant pests causes and their management strategies
نویسندگان [English]
Ali Alizadeh Aliabadi
Corresponding Author, Associate professor, Plant Pathology Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background and Objective: Understanding the causes of emerging plant pests is critically important for their prevention and control. Some of the factors contributing to the occurrence of emerging pests are as follows:
Natural introduction: Some pests and pathogens are transported to new areas by natural factors such as wind, water currents, birds, or other living organisms. Ecological and environmental changes can also facilitate the natural spread of these agents.
Accidental or unintentional introduction: With the increase in international trade, the unwanted transfer of pests and pathogens along with various goods, especially agricultural products, has become easier. Seeds, scions, seedlings, and other reproductive organs, as well as transport means such as trucks, ships, and airplanes, can act as vectors or carriers for these pests.
Intentional introduction: Some pests and pathogens are deliberately introduced into a country or region for sabotage purposes. Such introductions can occur as biowarfare, bioterrorism, or biocrime, posing a serious threat to food security and national economies.
Climate change: Climatic changes, including increases in temperature, alterations in rainfall patterns, and drought, create favorable conditions for the spread of certain pests. These changes allow the development of suitable habitats for some damaging species that were previously unable to establish in those areas.
Human activities and globalization: The expansion of global trade, transportation, and new agricultural practices also plays an important role in the spread of pests. Urbanization and the destruction of natural habitats are additional factors that can lead to an increase in pest populations.
Resistance breakdown and hybridization: Reduction of plant resistance against pests and the emergence of new species through genetic recombination can lead to the appearance of new pests. Genetic changes in pests and pathogens may also increase their aggressiveness.
Genetic engineering: The creation of new plant varieties may facilitate the growth and reproduction of pests that were previously controlled. Genetic manipulations without assessing environmental impacts may increase plant vulnerability to certain pests.
Some important strategies for preventing and managing emerging pests are as follows:
Identification and documentation of existing pests: Establishing a comprehensive database of pests, pathogens, and weeds in the country is the first step in managing this challenge. Accurate and up-to-date information can greatly assist in preventing and controlling these pests.
Continuous monitoring and surveillance: Ongoing monitoring of farms, orchards, and natural areas through regular sampling and reporting of pest status is crucial for timely detection and control. Surveillance programs should employ modern technologies, including remote sensing and satellite data.
Border control and inspection of shipments: Strict enforcement of quarantine regulations for imported agricultural products and other goods that may act as pest vectors is essential. This requires continuous cooperation among regulatory authorities and the use of advanced inspection and monitoring technologies.
Rapid response and crisis management: When an emerging pest is detected, authorities should implement appropriate measures to eliminate and eradicate it. Rapid application of control and quarantine measures during the early stages of pest emergence can prevent their further spread.
Use of integrated management strategies: These include the use of resistant varieties, modification of agricultural practices, biological control, and, when necessary, controlled chemical interventions. Combining these approaches can result in more effective and sustainable pest management.
Increasing international cooperation: Sharing information among countries about emerging pests plays a crucial role in controlling and preventing their spread. Scientific collaboration and the application of modern technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning can be effective in identifying pest outbreak patterns and providing suitable management solutions.
Conclusion: The current status of emerging pests in the country indicates that one of the most significant factors in their occurrence is accidental entry through agricultural and industrial shipments. Therefore, regulating the import of agricultural products and strictly implementing phytosanitary and plant quarantine measures can reduce the risk of pest introduction. Simultaneously, effective management and the application of preventive and control strategies—including continuous monitoring, rapid detection, and timely response—can significantly reduce the damage caused by these pests. International cooperation for information and experience sharing is also an effective step toward ensuring global food security. The development of new technologies and raising awareness among farmers and authorities will be key factors in the sustainable management of emerging pests.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Emerging pests, climate change, prevention, integrated pest management
مراجع
  • Alavi, J., 2004. Report on the small pollinator beetle Nitidulidae.: Col Fabricius aeneus Meligethes, a pest of rapeseed fields in Golestan province. Abstracts of the 16th Iranian Plant Research Congress, University of Tabriz, p. 111.
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2009a. The Jihadi culture role in strengthening passive defense. Selected articles of the Second National Conference on Jihadi Culture and Management. Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, June 2009, pp. 15-145 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2009b. A study on wood import situation and solutions to facilitate it in Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research, 7(1): 15-25 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2009c. Citrus Greening caused by Candidatus Liberibacter Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Agricultural Education Publication, 232p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A. 2010. Culture Collections of Plant-Related Prokaryotes: Valuable Treasures of Science and Technology. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, 74 p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2014a. Emerging pests: a growing threat to natural and agricultural ecosystems. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 8(11): 1-15 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2014b. The role of plant quarantine in the management of emerging pests and invasive alien species. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, 195 p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2016. Comprehensive Management Plan for Citrus Greening Disease. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. 51301, 180 p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2019. Bioterrorism against
 

  • Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Asrar Alam Publications. No. 56449, 25 p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2021. A review of the invasive alien species role in biodiversity loss and how to manage them coordinately at the national and international level. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research, 19 (2): 231-250 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/IJFRPR.2021.353506.1466
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A. and Ghasemi, A., 2018. Detection plan for greening agent bacteria in the body of Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in the Orzoiyeh, Jiroft and Kahnouj regions. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. 53336, 26 p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2003. Biological attacks on agricultural products, a new challenge to plant protection. Plant Protection Organization of Iran. Agricultural Education Publication, 105p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2004. Citrus Greening: a serious threat to citrus orchards and nurseries of Iran. Olive Journal, 205: 14-8 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2005. Forests as a systematic and comprehensive models in pest management and sustainable development. The National Conference on the Future of Iran's Forests, Karaj, 2-4 March 2005, pp. 99-114 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2008. Plant pathologists role in strengthening passive defense in agricultural sector. Conference on Threats and Biosafety in Iranian Agriculture, December 1387, pp. 1-8 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2011a. Biological threats to plants: goals, tools and capabilities. Conference on Threats and Biosafety in Iranian Agriculture, December 1387, pp. 9-21 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2011b. Biotechnology and terrorism. The Second National Conference on Passive Defense of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, July 28-29, Tehran, Olympic Hotel, pp. 376-366 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2011c. Plant quarantine: the most important passive defense principle against agrobioterrorism. The Second National Conference on Passive Defense of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, July 28-29, Tehran, Olympic Hotel. pp. 376-366 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2011d. The role of biological control in reducing biological threats. National Conference and Festival on the Development of Biological Control in Iran. 6-5 August, Tehran, pp. 122-113 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2017a. Detection of citrus greening diseasse in citrus orchards and nurseries of Iran. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Agricultural Education Publication, 32p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2017b. Removal methods of infected citrus greening trees. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Agricultural Education Publication, 20p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2017c. How to collect and identify infected plants with citrus Greening disease. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Agricultural Education Publication, 24p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2017d. Production of healthy seedlings free from citrus greening agent. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Agricultural Education Publication, 20p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., 2017e. Role and applications of passive defense measure in Iran's agricultural sector. Sun Publications, 560p (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A. and Rahimian, H., 1990. Citrus canker in Kerman Province. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 26: 42 (In Persian).
  • -Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., Foroutan, A. and Golmohamadi, M., 2010. Occurrence of citrus greening caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Sistan-Baluchestan province. 19th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. 31 July-3 August 2010. Tehran. IRAN. p. 525 (In Persian).
  • Alizadeh Aliabadi, A., Ghasemi, A., Salehi M., Faghihi, M. and Foroutan, A., 2018. Identification and determination of the distribution of the agent of citrus greening disease in Iran. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. 44237, 38 p (In Persian).
  • Anderson, P.K., Cunningham, A.A., Patel, N.G., Morales, F.J., Epstein, P.R. and Daszak, P., 2004. Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers. Trends in ecology and evolution, 19(10): 535-544.
  • Baker, R.E., Mahmud, A.S., Miller, I.F., Rajeev, M., Rasambainarivo, F., Rice, B.L. and Metcalf, C.J.E., 2022. Infectious disease in an era of global change. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 20(4): 193-205. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z.
  • Barari, H., Kayhanian, A.A., Mafi Pashakalai, Sh. and Vali-ol-lahpour, R., 1991. Damage assessment of the small pollinator beetle Meligethes aeneus (Col.: Nitidulidae) on rapeseed in Mazandaran Province, Second National Conference on Pest Control Management, Kerman.
  • Bar-Joseph, M., 1979. The closteroviruses: a distinct group of elongated plant viruses. Advances in Virus Research, 25: 93-168.
  • Bassanezi, R.B. and Gottwald, T.R., 2009. Epidemiology of HLB and potential pathways for introduction. Proceeding of International Workshop on Huanglongbing Asian Citrus Psyllid, Mexico.
  • Bebber, D., Ramotowski, M. and Gurr, S., 2013. Crop pests and pathogens move polewards in a warming world. Nature Climate Change, 3: 985-988. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1990.
  • Behdad, A., 1996. Encyclopedia of Iranian Plant Pathology, Yadbood, 3: 37-20.
  • Brasier, C., Franceschini, S., Forster, J. and Kirk, S., 2021. Enhanced Outcrossing, Directional Selection and Transgressive Segregation Drive Evolution of Novel Phenotypes in Hybrid Swarms of the Dutch Elm Disease Pathogen Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Journal of Fungi (Basel), 7(6): 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060452
  • Brasier, C.M., 1990. China and the origins of Dutch elm disease: An appraisal. Plant Pathology, 39: 5-16.
  • Brasier, C.M., 1995. Episodic selection as a force in fungal microevolution with special reference to clonal speciation and hybrid introgression. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73: 1213-1221.
  • Brasier, C.M., 2001. Rapid Evolution of Introduced Plant Pathogens via Interspecific Hybridization: Hybridization is leading to rapid evolution of Dutch elm disease and other fungal plant pathogens, BioScience, 51 (2): 123-133.
  • Brooks, D.R, Hoberg, E.P, Boeger, W.A. and Trivellone, V., 2021. Emerging infectious disease: An underappreciated area of strategic concern for food security. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 00: 1- 14. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14009
  • Bruns, H.A., 2017. Southern corn leaf blight: a story worth retelling. Agronomy Journal, 109(4): 1218-1224.
  • Cabi, 2018. Ophiostoma ulmi Dutch elm disease. www.cabi.org Retrieved 2018-12-12.
  • Coakley, S.M., Scherm, H. and Chakraborty, S., 1999. Climate change and plant disease management. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 37: 399-426.
  • Cressman, K. and Hodson, D., 2009. Surveillance, Information Sharing and Early Warning Systems for Transboundary Plant Pests Diseases: the FAO Experience. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 27: 226-232.
  • Crews, T.E., Carton, W. and Olsson, L., 2018. Is the future of agriculture perennial? Imperatives and opportunities to reinvent agriculture by shifting from annual monocultures to perennial polycultures. Global Sustainability, 1, e11. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2018.11
  • D’Arcy, C.J., 2000. Dutch elm disease. The Plant Health Instructor. https://www.apsnet.org/. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I-2000-0721-02.
  • Damsteegt, V., 1999. New and Emerging Plant Viruses. APSnet Online. http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/site_main.htm?modecode=19-20-00-00.
  • Daszak, P.C., Leroy, B., Vaissière, A.C., Gozlan, R.E. and Roiz, D., Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife threats to biodiversity and human health. Science, 287: 443-449.
  • 2021. Climate Change Fans Spread of Pests and Threatens Plants and Crops. new FAO study.
  • Feurtey, A., Stevens, D.M., Wolfgang, M., and Stukenbrock, E.H., 2019. Interspecific Gene Exchange Introduces High Genetic Variability in Crop Pathogen, Genome Biology and Evolution, 11(11): 3095-3105. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz224
  • Fisher, M.C., Henk, D.A., Briggs, C.J., Brownstein, J.S., Madoff, L.C., McCraw, S.L. and Gurr, S.J., 2012. Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature, 484(7393): 186-194. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10947
  • Garrett, K.A., Jumpponen, A. and GomezMontano, L., 2010. Emerging plant diseases: what are our best strategies for management? In: Kleinman, EL, JA Delborne, KA Cloud-Hansen and J. 66 Handelsman (eds.). Controversies in Science and Technology, 3: 152-160.
  • Gottwald, T.R., Graham, J.H. and Schubert, T.S., 2002. Citrus canker: the pathogen and its impact. Plant Health Progress, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2002-0812-01-RV.
  • Hickel, J., 2019. The contradiction of the sustainable development goals: Growth versus ecology on a finite planet. Sustainable Development, 27(5): 873-884. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1947
  • Khazaeli, P., Rezaee, S., Mirabolfathy, M., Zamanizadeh H. and Kiadaliri, H., 2018. Genetic and Phenotypic Variation of Calonectria pseudonaviculata Isolates Causing Boxwood Blight Disease in the Hyrcanian Forest of Iran. Agricultural Research & Technology, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.19.556081.
  • Latombe, G., Pyšek, P., Jeschke, J., Blackburn, T., Bacher, S., Capinha, C., Costello, M., Fernández, M., Gregory, R., Hobern, D., Hui, C., Jetz, W., Kumschick, S., McGrannachan, C., Pergl, J., Roy, H., Scalera, R., Squires, Z., Wilson, J. and McGeoch, M., 2016. A vision for global monitoring of biological invasions. Biological Conservation, 213: 295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.06.013
  • Lederberg, J., Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. In: Lederberg, J., Shope, R. E., Stanley, C., and Oaks, Jr., (Eds.). Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health, Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). https://doi.org/10.17226/2008
  • Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S. and De Poorter, M., 2000. 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species. A Selection from the Global Invasive Species Database. The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), 12 p.
  • Malheiro, R., 2015. Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) - olive tree interactions: study of physical and chemical aspects. Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 212 p.
  • McGeoch, M.A. and Squires, Z. 2015., An Essential Biodiversity Variable approach to monitoring biological invasions: Guide for Countries. GEO BON Technical Series, 2: 13 pp.
  • McNeely, J.A., 2001. The Great Reshuffling: Human Dimensions of Invasive Alien Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 242p.
  • Meng, P.S., Hoover, K. and Keena, M.A., 2015. Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an Introduced Pest of Maple and Other Hardwood Trees in North America and Europe, Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 6(1): https://doi.org/10.4. 10.1093/jipm/pmv003
  • Mirabolfathy, M., 2013. Outbreak of charcoal disease on Quercus and Zelkova carpinifolia trees through Zagros and Alborz montains forests in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 49: 257-263 (In Persian).
  • Mirabolfathy, M., Ahangaran, Y., Lombard, L. and Crous, P.W., 2013. Leaf blight of Buxus sempervirens in northern forests of Iran caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata. Plant Diseases, 97(8): 1121-1122.
  • Mirabolfathy, M., Groenewald, J.Z. and Crous, P.W., 2011. The Occurrence of Charcoal Disease Caused by Biscogniauxia mediterranea on Chestnut- Leaved Oak (Quercus castaneifolia) in the Golestan Forests of Iran. Plant Disease, 95(7): 876.
  • Moran, B.M., Payne, C., Langdon, Q., Powell, D.L., Brandvain, Y., Schumer, M. and Moran, B.M., 2021. The genomic consequences of hybridization. Elife. 2021 Aug 4; 10:e69016.
  • Mostafavi, E., Ghasemian, A. and Abdinasir, A., 2021. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean region, 2001-2018. International Journal of Health Policy Manag, 2021; https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.13
  • Peace, T., 1960. The status and development of elm disease in Britain. Forestry Commission Bulletin, 33: 1-44.
  • Rasekh, A., Michaud, J.P. and Varandi, H., 2011. Biology of the conifer needle scale, Nuculaspis abietis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in northern Iran and parasitism by Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). European Journal of Entomology, 108: 79-85.
  • Rezaee, S., Kia-Daliri, H., Sharifi, K., Ahangaran, Y. and Hajmansoor, S., 2013. Boxwood blight caused by Cylindrocladium buxicola in Tonekabon forest. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 80(2): 197-198. https://doi.org/10.22092/JAEP.2013.100577
  • Ristaino, J.B., Anderson, P.K., Bebber, D.P., Brauman, K.A., Cunniffe, N.J., Fedoroff, N.V., Finegold, C., Garrett, K.A., Gilligan, C.A., Jones, C.M., Martin, M.D., MacDonald, G.K., Neenan, P., Records, A., Schmale, D.G., Tateosian, L. and Wei, Q., 2021. Chakraborty S, Tiedemann AV, Teng PS. Climate change: potential impact on plant diseases. Environ Po the persistent threat of emerging plant disease pandemics to global food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118 (23): e2022239118
 

  •  
  • Rizzo, D.M., Lichtveld, M., Mazet, J.A., Togami, E. and Miller, S.A., 2021. Plant health and its effects on food safety and security in a One Health framework: Four case studies. One health outlook, 3: 1-9.
  • Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts, N. and Nelson, A., 2019. The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 3(3): 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0793-y
  • Shivanna, K.R., 2022. Climate change and its impact on biodiversity and human welfare. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, 88(2): 160-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43538-022-00073-6
  • Skendžic, S., Zovko, M., Živkovic, I.P., Lešic, V. and Lemic, D., 2021. The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Insect Pests. Insects, 12: 440. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050440
  • Stauber, L., Badet, T., Feurtey, A., Prospero, S., Croll, D. and Stauber, L., 2021. Emergence and diversification of a highly invasive chestnut pathogen
  • lineage across southeastern Europe. Elife, 5:10-e56279. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.56279.sa2
  • Steensels, J., Gallone, B., Verstrepen, K.J. and Steensels, J., 2021. Interspecific hybridization as a driver of fungal evolution and adaptation. National Review of Microbiololgy, 19(8): 485-500. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00537-4
  • Stukenbrock, E.H., 2016. The Role of Hybridization in the Evolution and Emergence of New Fungal Plant Pathogens. Phytopathology, 106 (2): 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-15-0184-rvw
  • Tavakoli, M., Hosseini-Chegeni, A. and Khaghaninia, S., 2018. The first report of Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) outbreak from northern Zagros forests and its identification using COI gene in Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research, 16(2): 207-218 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/IJFRPR.2019.118692
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 281
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 196


counter
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب