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ارزیابی بهره‌وری هرم‌های تقطیری خورشیدی تحت تأثیر سطوح مختلف شوری و عمق آب در منطقۀ نیمه‌خشک | ||
| تحقیقات مهندسی سازه های آبیاری و زهکشی | ||
| دوره 25، زمستان - شماره پیاپی 97، بهمن 1403، صفحه 118-95 اصل مقاله (1.31 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/idser.2025.368750.1608 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| راضیه صادقی1؛ خالد احمدآلی* 2؛ سینا کوثری2؛ سلمان زارع1؛ شهرام خلیقی سیگارودی1 | ||
| 1گروه احیاء مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| 2گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| کمبود آب شیرین یکی از چالش‌های اساسی جوامع امروزی و ناشی از رشد جمعیت، گسترش صنایع و کشاورزی و تغییرات اقلیمی است. این مسئله به‌ویژه در مناطق خشک و بیابانی به دلیل بارش‌های نامنظم و کاهش کمی و کیفی منابع آبی شدت یافته است. منابع آبی فراوانی در دسترس است، اما بخش قابل‌توجهی از آن‌ها به دلیل شوری و آلودگی‌های مختلف برای مصارف کشاورزی و آشامیدنی نامناسب هستند. در این راستا، فناوری‌های شیرین‌سازی آب، به‌ویژه روش‌های مبتنی بر انرژی خورشیدی، راهکاری پایدار و سازگار با محیط‌زیست هستند. در میان این روش‌ها، هرم‌های تقطیری یکی از فناوری‌های مؤثر در نمک‌زدایی خورشیدی محسوب می‌شوند که به‌ویژه در مناطقی با میزان تبخیر بالا و دسترسی به منابع آب شور می‌توانند کارایی مطلوبی داشته باشند. عملکرد این سامانه‌ها به‌طور مستقیم تحت تأثیر پارامترهای عملیاتی و شرایط محیطی قرار دارد، ازاین‌رو بررسی این عوامل برای بهینه‌سازی فرآیند و افزایش بازدهی ضروری است. در این مطالعۀ تجربی، عملکرد پنج هرم تقطیرکنندۀ خورشیدی تحت تأثیر سه سطح عمق آب شور (۱D1=، ۳D2= و ۵D3= سانتی‌متر) و پنج سطح شوری مختلف (۵۰۰۰S1=، ۱۰۰۰۰S2=، ۲۰۰۰۰S3=، ۳۰۰۰۰S4= و ۴۰۰۰۰S5= میکروزیمنس بر سانتی‌متر) در دو فصل بهار و تابستان، تحت شرایط اقلیمی کرج ارزیابی شد. هدف اصلی، بررسی تأثیر عمق و شوری آب بر بازده تولید آب شیرین هرم‌هاست. علاوه‌براین، مدل‌های رگرسیونی بهمنظور پیش‌بینی تأثیر شوری و عمق آب بر میزان تولید آب شیرین در شرایط اقلیمی مختلف توسعه داده شد. آزمایش‌ها با استفاده از پنج هرم تقطیری شفاف شیشه‌ای و بدون عایق از ساعت ۸ صبح تا 19 بهاجرا درآمدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین حجم آب شیرین تولیدی در تیمار با کمترین عمق و شوری (D1S1) و در فصل تابستان، با مقدار 1001 میلی‌لیتر بر مترمربع در روز بهدست میآید. در مقابل، با افزایش عمق آب و شوری، تولید آب کاهش یافت، به‌طوری‌که در تیمار D3S5 مقدار تولید به 881 میلی‌لیتر بر مترمربع در روز رسید که بیانگر کاهش ۱۲ درصد در بازدهی نسبت به تیمار D1S1 در فصل تابستان است. این یافته‌ها نشان میدهد کاهش عمق آب شور و کاهش سطح شوری، منجر به افزایش بازدهی هرم‌های تقطیری خورشیدی می‌شود. مدل‌سازی رگرسیونی نشان داد که مدل توانی (R²=0.96, RMSE=1.08) برای پارامتر عمق، و مدل‌های گویا (R²=0.99, RMSE=0.36) و چندجمله‌ای (R²=0.99, RMSE=0.4) برای پارامتر شوری، نسبت به مدل‌های خطی دقت بالاتری دارند. به دلیل پایین بودن هزینۀ ساخت و سازگاری زیست‌محیطی هرم‌های تقطیری خورشیدی، می‌توان از این سامانه‌ها برای تولید آب شیرین بهمنظور مصارف آشامیدنی و در کشاورزی کوچک‌مقیاس با گیاهان کم‌آب‌بر در مناطق گرم و دارای منابع آب شور بهره برد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کمبود آب؛ شوری‌زدایی؛ تقطیر؛ تابش خورشیدی؛ زهاب | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Evaluation of the Efficiency of Pyramid solar stills under Different Salinity and Water Depth Levels in a Semi-Arid Region | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Razieh Sadeghi1؛ Khaled Ahmadaali2؛ Sina Kosari2؛ Salman Zare1؛ Shahram Khalighi Sigaroodi1 | ||
| 1Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract Introduction Freshwater scarcity is a critical global issue, especially in arid and semi-arid regions like the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), where water demand is rising due to population growth and increasing competition across agricultural, domestic, and industrial sectors. To address these challenges, utilizing unconventional water sources such as seawater, brackish water, and agricultural drainage water becomes essential. Among the various desalination methods, solar desalination has emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective solution, particularly for remote areas with abundant solar radiation but limited freshwater resources. Pyramid solar stills, due to their simple design, low operational costs, and minimal maintenance requirements, provide an efficient and environmentally friendly approach to freshwater production. These systems harness renewable solar energy, making them a clean and sustainable alternative that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and minimizes environmental impact. As a result, pyramid solar stills are a practical and viable option for decentralized water supply in water-scarce regions. Methodology The experiment was conducted at the Soil and Water Research Farm of the University of Tehran, located in Karaj, to evaluate the freshwater production efficiency of pyramid solar stills under varying salinity levels and water depths. The study area covered a total surface of 70 m2 (20 m × 3.5 m). Saline water required for the stills was sourced from a drainage canal. Five pyramid solar stills with glass covers were used, each having a base area of 1 × 1 m and a height of 0.18 m. Three different water depth scenarios were investigated: D1 (1 cm), D2 (3 cm), and D3 (5 cm). Additionally, five salinity levels were considered: S1 (5000 µS/cm), S2 (10000 µS/cm), S3 (20000 µS/cm), S4 (30000 µS/cm), and S5 (40000 µS/cm). The experiment was conducted during both spring and summer to account for seasonal variations in meteorological conditions. Finally, different regression models were developed to predict the performance of pyramid solar stills under varying water depths and salinity levels, and their accuracy was evaluated using two statistical indices, R2 and RMSE. Results and Discussion Meteorological analysis showed that peak ambient temperature and solar radiation occurred between 12 PM and 3 PM in both spring and summer, with temperatures decreasing as solar radiation declined. The key driver of freshwater production in solar still pyramids was the temperature difference between the water and the glass cover, which enhanced evaporation. Water temperature analysis at depths of 1 cm, 3 cm, and 5 cm indicated faster heating at shallower depths, with a peak of 50°C at 1 cm depth. Freshwater yield decreased as salinity increased from 5000 to 40000 µS/cm, with reductions of up to 20% at a depth of 5 cm. Similarly, increasing water depth from 1 cm to 5 cm at 5000 µS/cm salinity reduced freshwater production by 12%. This decline was attributed to increased osmotic pressure lowering the evaporation rate. Overall, system performance decreased with rising salinity and water depth, though efficiency remained higher in summer. Nonlinear models, including power, rational, and polynomial models, provided better predictions than linear models, highlighting the nonlinear nature of system performance concerning salinity and water depth. Conclusions This study underscores the importance of optimizing solar still designs to enhance fresh water production under different environmental and operational conditions. The findings reveal that the temperature difference between the water and glass cover plays a crucial role in the distillation process, with higher temperature gradients leading to improved evaporation rates. Additionally, the results show that reducing water depth and salinity significantly boosts system performance. Nonlinear models were found to be more effective than linear ones in predicting the performance of the stills, reflecting the complex relationships between key variables. Moreover, the research emphasizes the need for considering local environmental conditions, such as latitude and solar radiation, for optimal design. Overall, these insights provide valuable guidance for improving solar still efficiency in arid and water-scarce regions. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Water Scarcity, Desalination, Condensation, Solar radiation, Drainage water | ||
| مراجع | ||
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