| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,079 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,352 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 47,608,470 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 78,626,141 |
ارزیابی بهره‌وری هرم‌های تقطیری خورشیدی تحت تأثیر سطوح مختلف شوری و عمق آب در منطقۀ نیمه‌خشک | ||
| تحقیقات مهندسی سازه های آبیاری و زهکشی | ||
| دوره 25، زمستان - شماره پیاپی 97، بهمن 1403، صفحه 118-95 اصل مقاله (1.31 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/idser.2025.368750.1608 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| راضیه صادقی1؛ خالد احمدآلی* 2؛ سینا کوثری2؛ سلمان زارع1؛ شهرام خلیقی سیگارودی1 | ||
| 1گروه احیاء مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| 2گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| کمبود آب شیرین یکی از چالش‌های اساسی جوامع امروزی و ناشی از رشد جمعیت، گسترش صنایع و کشاورزی و تغییرات اقلیمی است. این مسئله به‌ویژه در مناطق خشک و بیابانی به دلیل بارش‌های نامنظم و کاهش کمی و کیفی منابع آبی شدت یافته است. منابع آبی فراوانی در دسترس است، اما بخش قابل‌توجهی از آن‌ها به دلیل شوری و آلودگی‌های مختلف برای مصارف کشاورزی و آشامیدنی نامناسب هستند. در این راستا، فناوری‌های شیرین‌سازی آب، به‌ویژه روش‌های مبتنی بر انرژی خورشیدی، راهکاری پایدار و سازگار با محیط‌زیست هستند. در میان این روش‌ها، هرم‌های تقطیری یکی از فناوری‌های مؤثر در نمک‌زدایی خورشیدی محسوب می‌شوند که به‌ویژه در مناطقی با میزان تبخیر بالا و دسترسی به منابع آب شور می‌توانند کارایی مطلوبی داشته باشند. عملکرد این سامانه‌ها به‌طور مستقیم تحت تأثیر پارامترهای عملیاتی و شرایط محیطی قرار دارد، ازاین‌رو بررسی این عوامل برای بهینه‌سازی فرآیند و افزایش بازدهی ضروری است. در این مطالعۀ تجربی، عملکرد پنج هرم تقطیرکنندۀ خورشیدی تحت تأثیر سه سطح عمق آب شور (۱D1=، ۳D2= و ۵D3= سانتی‌متر) و پنج سطح شوری مختلف (۵۰۰۰S1=، ۱۰۰۰۰S2=، ۲۰۰۰۰S3=، ۳۰۰۰۰S4= و ۴۰۰۰۰S5= میکروزیمنس بر سانتی‌متر) در دو فصل بهار و تابستان، تحت شرایط اقلیمی کرج ارزیابی شد. هدف اصلی، بررسی تأثیر عمق و شوری آب بر بازده تولید آب شیرین هرم‌هاست. علاوه‌براین، مدل‌های رگرسیونی بهمنظور پیش‌بینی تأثیر شوری و عمق آب بر میزان تولید آب شیرین در شرایط اقلیمی مختلف توسعه داده شد. آزمایش‌ها با استفاده از پنج هرم تقطیری شفاف شیشه‌ای و بدون عایق از ساعت ۸ صبح تا 19 بهاجرا درآمدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین حجم آب شیرین تولیدی در تیمار با کمترین عمق و شوری (D1S1) و در فصل تابستان، با مقدار 1001 میلی‌لیتر بر مترمربع در روز بهدست میآید. در مقابل، با افزایش عمق آب و شوری، تولید آب کاهش یافت، به‌طوری‌که در تیمار D3S5 مقدار تولید به 881 میلی‌لیتر بر مترمربع در روز رسید که بیانگر کاهش ۱۲ درصد در بازدهی نسبت به تیمار D1S1 در فصل تابستان است. این یافته‌ها نشان میدهد کاهش عمق آب شور و کاهش سطح شوری، منجر به افزایش بازدهی هرم‌های تقطیری خورشیدی می‌شود. مدل‌سازی رگرسیونی نشان داد که مدل توانی (R²=0.96, RMSE=1.08) برای پارامتر عمق، و مدل‌های گویا (R²=0.99, RMSE=0.36) و چندجمله‌ای (R²=0.99, RMSE=0.4) برای پارامتر شوری، نسبت به مدل‌های خطی دقت بالاتری دارند. به دلیل پایین بودن هزینۀ ساخت و سازگاری زیست‌محیطی هرم‌های تقطیری خورشیدی، می‌توان از این سامانه‌ها برای تولید آب شیرین بهمنظور مصارف آشامیدنی و در کشاورزی کوچک‌مقیاس با گیاهان کم‌آب‌بر در مناطق گرم و دارای منابع آب شور بهره برد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کمبود آب؛ شوری‌زدایی؛ تقطیر؛ تابش خورشیدی؛ زهاب | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Evaluation of the Efficiency of Pyramid solar stills under Different Salinity and Water Depth Levels in a Semi-Arid Region | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Razieh Sadeghi1؛ Khaled Ahmadaali2؛ Sina Kosari2؛ Salman Zare1؛ Shahram Khalighi Sigaroodi1 | ||
| 1Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract Introduction Freshwater scarcity is a critical global issue, especially in arid and semi-arid regions like the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), where water demand is rising due to population growth and increasing competition across agricultural, domestic, and industrial sectors. To address these challenges, utilizing unconventional water sources such as seawater, brackish water, and agricultural drainage water becomes essential. Among the various desalination methods, solar desalination has emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective solution, particularly for remote areas with abundant solar radiation but limited freshwater resources. Pyramid solar stills, due to their simple design, low operational costs, and minimal maintenance requirements, provide an efficient and environmentally friendly approach to freshwater production. These systems harness renewable solar energy, making them a clean and sustainable alternative that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and minimizes environmental impact. As a result, pyramid solar stills are a practical and viable option for decentralized water supply in water-scarce regions. Methodology The experiment was conducted at the Soil and Water Research Farm of the University of Tehran, located in Karaj, to evaluate the freshwater production efficiency of pyramid solar stills under varying salinity levels and water depths. The study area covered a total surface of 70 m2 (20 m × 3.5 m). Saline water required for the stills was sourced from a drainage canal. Five pyramid solar stills with glass covers were used, each having a base area of 1 × 1 m and a height of 0.18 m. Three different water depth scenarios were investigated: D1 (1 cm), D2 (3 cm), and D3 (5 cm). Additionally, five salinity levels were considered: S1 (5000 µS/cm), S2 (10000 µS/cm), S3 (20000 µS/cm), S4 (30000 µS/cm), and S5 (40000 µS/cm). The experiment was conducted during both spring and summer to account for seasonal variations in meteorological conditions. Finally, different regression models were developed to predict the performance of pyramid solar stills under varying water depths and salinity levels, and their accuracy was evaluated using two statistical indices, R2 and RMSE. Results and Discussion Meteorological analysis showed that peak ambient temperature and solar radiation occurred between 12 PM and 3 PM in both spring and summer, with temperatures decreasing as solar radiation declined. The key driver of freshwater production in solar still pyramids was the temperature difference between the water and the glass cover, which enhanced evaporation. Water temperature analysis at depths of 1 cm, 3 cm, and 5 cm indicated faster heating at shallower depths, with a peak of 50°C at 1 cm depth. Freshwater yield decreased as salinity increased from 5000 to 40000 µS/cm, with reductions of up to 20% at a depth of 5 cm. Similarly, increasing water depth from 1 cm to 5 cm at 5000 µS/cm salinity reduced freshwater production by 12%. This decline was attributed to increased osmotic pressure lowering the evaporation rate. Overall, system performance decreased with rising salinity and water depth, though efficiency remained higher in summer. Nonlinear models, including power, rational, and polynomial models, provided better predictions than linear models, highlighting the nonlinear nature of system performance concerning salinity and water depth. Conclusions This study underscores the importance of optimizing solar still designs to enhance fresh water production under different environmental and operational conditions. The findings reveal that the temperature difference between the water and glass cover plays a crucial role in the distillation process, with higher temperature gradients leading to improved evaporation rates. Additionally, the results show that reducing water depth and salinity significantly boosts system performance. Nonlinear models were found to be more effective than linear ones in predicting the performance of the stills, reflecting the complex relationships between key variables. Moreover, the research emphasizes the need for considering local environmental conditions, such as latitude and solar radiation, for optimal design. Overall, these insights provide valuable guidance for improving solar still efficiency in arid and water-scarce regions. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Water Scarcity, Desalination, Condensation, Solar radiation, Drainage water | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abd Elaziz, M., Essa, F.A., Elsheikh, A.H., 2021. Utilization of ensemble random vector functional link network for freshwater prediction of active solar stills with nanoparticles. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments 47, 101405. Abdelal, N., Taamneh, Y., 2017. Enhancement of pyramid solar still productivity using absorber plates made of carbon fiber/CNT-modified epoxy composites. Desalination 419, 117–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.06.012 Abdullah, A.S., Omara, Z.M., Bek, M.A., Essa, F.A., 2020. An augmented productivity of solar distillers integrated to HDH unit: experimental implementation. Appl. Therm. Eng. 167, 114723. Abujazar, M.S.S., Fatihah, S., Rakmi, A.R., Shahrom, M.Z., 2016. The effects of design parameters on productivity performance of a solar still for seawater desalination: A review. Desalination 385, 178–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.025 Aburideh, H., Deliou, A., Abbad, B., Alaoui, F., Tassalit, D., Tigrine, Z., 2012. An experimental study of a solar still: Application on the sea water desalination of Fouka. Procedia Eng. 33, 475–484. Ahsan, A., Imteaz, M., Thomas, U.A., Azmi, M., Rahman, A., Daud, N.N.N., 2014. Parameters affecting the performance of a low cost solar still. Appl. Energy 114, 924–930. Akash, B.A., Mohsen, M.S., Nayfeh, W., 2000. Experimental study of the basin type solar still under local climate conditions. Energy Convers. Manag. 41, 883–890. Al-Hinai, H., Al-Nassri, M.S., Jubran, B.A., 2002. Effect of climatic, design and operational parameters on the yield of a simple solar still. Energy Convers. Manag. 43, 1639–1650. ِAlawee, W.H., A Hammoodi, K., Dhahad, H.A., Omara, Z.M., Essa, F.A., Abdullah, A.S., Amro, M.I., 2023. Effects of magnetic field on the performance of solar distillers: a review study. Eng. Technol. J. 41, 121–131. Alsumaiei, A.A., 2020. A Nonlinear Autoregressive Modeling Approach for Forecasting Groundwater Level Fluctuation in Urban Aquifers. Water. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030820 Altarawneh, I., Rawadieh, S., Batiha, M., Al-Makhadmeh, L., Alrowwad, S., Tarawneh, M., 2017. Experimental and numerical performance analysis and optimization of single slope, double slope and pyramidal shaped solar stills. Desalination 423, 124–134. Arunkumar, T., Vinothkumar, K., Ahsan, A., Jayaprakash, R., Kumar, S., 2012. Experimental study on various solar still designs. Int. Sch. Res. Not. 2012, 569381. Ashour, E., Tony, M., Purcell, P., 2015. Use of Agriculture-Based Waste for Basic Dye Sorption from Aqueous Solution: Kinetics and Isotherm Studies. Am. J. Chem. Eng. 2, 92–98. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20140206.14 Awasthi, A., Wankhede, U., Gandhi, K., Rayalu, S., 2023. Carbon nanoparticle facilitated functional pyramid solar distillation unit for wastewater treatment. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11, 110930. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.110930 Babalola, T.A., Boyo, A.O., Kesinro, R.O., 2015. Effect of Water Depth and Temperature on the Productivity of a Double Slope Solar Still’. J. Energy Nat. Resour. 4, 1–4. Chen, C.-Y., Wang, S.-W., Kim, H., Pan, S.-Y., Fan, C., Lin, Y.J., 2021. Non-conventional water reuse in agriculture: A circular water economy. Water Res. 199, 117193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117193 E, D.E.M., 1926. Une nouvelle function climatologique : L’indice d’aridite. Meteorologie 2, 449–459. El-Kady, M., El-Shibini, F., 2001. Desalination in Egypt and the future application in supplementary irrigation. Desalination 136, 63–72. El-Sebaii, A., Khallaf, A.E.-M., 2020. Mathematical modeling and experimental validation for square pyramid solar still. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 32283–32295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07587-5 Elshamy, S.M., El-Said, E.M.S., 2018. Comparative study based on thermal, exergetic and economic analyses of a tubular solar still with semi-circular corrugated absorber. J. Clean. Prod. 195, 328–339. Fathy, M., Hassan, H., Ahmed, M.S., 2018. Experimental study on the effect of coupling parabolic trough collector with double slope solar still on its performance. Sol. Energy 163, 54–61. Hammoodi, K.A., Dhahad, H.A., Alawee, W.H., Omara, Z.M., 2023. A detailed review of the factors impacting pyramid type solar still performance. Alexandria Eng. J. 66, 123–154. He, T., Yan, L., 2009. Application of alternative energy integration technology in seawater desalination. Desalination 249, 104–108. Hollands, K.G.T., 1963. The regeneration of lithium chloride brine in a solar still for use in solar air conditioning. Sol. Energy 7, 39–43. Jathar, L.D., Ganesan, S., Shahapurkar, K., Soudagar, M.E.M., Mujtaba, M.A., Anqi, A.E., Farooq, M., Khidmatgar, A., Goodarzi, M., Safaei, M.R., 2022. Effect of various factors and diverse approaches to enhance the performance of solar stills: a comprehensive review. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 147, 4491–4522. Kalbasi, R., Esfahani, M.N., 2010. Multi-effect passive desalination system, an experimental approach. World Appl. Sci. J. 10, 1264–1271. Kamal, W.A., 1988. A theoretical and experimental study of the basin-type solar still under the arabian gulf climatic conditions. Sol. Wind Technol. 5, 147–157. Khairy, S., Shaban, M., Negm, A.M., Eldeen, O.W., Ramadan, E.M., 2022. Drainage water reuse strategies: Case of El-Bats drain, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Ain Shams Eng. J. 13, 101681. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.101681 Khalifa, A.J.N., Hamood, A.M., 2009. Performance correlations for basin type solar stills. Desalination 249, 24–28. Koffi, B.K., Konan, D.K., Nguessa, R.K., Saraka, J.K., Tanoh, A., Kouacou, M.A., Yeo, Z., Koffi, M., Koua, A.A., 2009. Modelling of solar still for Production of Pure Water in the Abidjan Zones. Res. J. Phys. 3, 5–13. Kosari, S., Parsinejad, M., Mokhtaran, A., Zebardast, S., 2024. Predicted feasibility and economic return of drainage water recycling in an arid region. Agric. Water Manag. 302, 108983. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108983 Lindblom, J., Nordell, B., 2006. Water production by underground condensation of humid air. Desalination 189, 248–260. Madeshwaren, V., Govindaraju, K., Thangavel, S., Thangaraj, R., 2024. Solar still desalination techniques for the minimization of operational time and cost: a review. Glob. NEST J. 26. Manokar, A.M., Taamneh, Y., Winston, D.P., Vijayabalan, P., Balaji, D., Sathyamurthy, R., Sundar, S.P., Mageshbabu, D., 2020. Effect of water depth and insulation on the productivity of an acrylic pyramid solar still–An experimental study. Groundw. Sustain. Dev. 10, 100319. Mansour, S.A., Tony, M.A., Tayeb, A.M., 2019. Photocatalytic performance and photodegradation kinetics of Fenton-like process based on haematite nanocrystals for basic dye removal. SN Appl. Sci. 1, 265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0286-x Mansur, A.A.P., Mansur, H.S., Tabare, C., Paiva, A., Capanema, N.S. V, 2019. Eco-friendly AgInS2/ZnS quantum dot nanohybrids with tunable luminescent properties modulated by pH-sensitive biopolymer for potential solar energy harvesting applications. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 30, 16702–16717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-00719-0 MasoomiBalsi, M., Kosari, S., Parsinejad, M., Yazdani, M., Navabian, M., 2024. Removal or reduction of nitrogen and phosphorous pollutants from paddy fields drainage water in vegetated drainage ditches. Iran. J. Soil Water Res. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2024.375972.669702 Morote, Á.-F., Olcina, J., Hernández, M., 2019. The Use of Non-Conventional Water Resources as a Means of Adaptation to Drought and Climate Change in Semi-Arid Regions: South-Eastern Spain. Water. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010093 Morse, R.N., Read, W.R.W., 1968. A rational basis for the engineering development of a solar still. Sol. energy 12, 5–17. Muftah, A.F., Alghoul, M.A., Fudholi, A., Abdul-Majeed, M.M., Sopian, K., 2014. Factors affecting basin type solar still productivity: A detailed review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 32, 430–447. Murase, K., Yamagishi, Y., Iwashita, Y., Sugino, K., 2008. Development of a tube-type solar still equipped with heat accumulation for irrigation. Energy 33, 1711–1718. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.05.013 Murugavel, K.K., Anburaj, P., Hanson, R.S., Elango, T., 2013. Progresses in inclined type solar stills. Renew. Sustain. energy Rev. 20, 364–377. Murugavel, K.K., Chockalingam, K.K.S.K., Srithar, K., 2008. Progresses in improving the effectiveness of the single basin passive solar still. Desalination 220, 677–686. Muthu Manokar, A., Kalidasa Murugavel, K., Esakkimuthu, G., 2014. Different parameters affecting the rate of evaporation and condensation on passive solar still – A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 38, 309–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.092 Nagarajan, P.K., El-Agouz, S.A., Arunkumar, T., Sathyamurthy, R., 2017. Effect of forced cover cooling technique on a triangular pyramid solar still. Int. J. Ambient Energy 38, 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2016.1159609 Okeke, C.E., Egarievwe, S.U., Animalu, A.O.E., 1990. Effects of coal and charcoal on solar-still performance. Energy 15, 1071–1073. Palanikumar, G., Shanmugan, S., Chithambaram, V., Gorjian, S., Pruncu, C.I., Essa, F.A., Kabeel, A.E., Panchal, H., Janarthanan, B., Ebadi, H., 2021. Thermal investigation of a solar box-type cooker with nanocomposite phase change materials using flexible thermography. Renew. Energy 178, 260–282. Patel, S.G., Bhatnagar, S., Vardia, J., Ameta, S.C., 2006. Use of photocatalysts in solar desalination. Desalination 189, 287–291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.07.010 Phadatare, M.K., Verma, S.K., 2007. Influence of water depth on internal heat and mass transfer in a plastic solar still. Desalination 217, 267–275. Prakash, A., Jayaprakash, R., 2021. Performance evaluation of stepped multiple basin pyramid solar still. Mater. Today Proc. 45, 1950–1956. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.227 Qadir, M., Sharma, B.R., Bruggeman, A., Choukr-Allah, R., Karajeh, F., 2007. Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries. Agric. water Manag. 87, 2–22. Rababa’h, H.M., 2003. Experimental study of a solar still with sponge cubes in basin. Energy Convers. Manag. 44, 1411–1418. Rahbar, N., Esfahani, J.A., 2012. Experimental study of a novel portable solar still by utilizing the heatpipe and thermoelectric module. Desalination 284, 55–61. Rajamanickam, M.R., Ragupathy, A., 2012. Influence of Water Depth on Internal Heat and Mass Transfer in a Double Slope Solar Still. Energy Procedia 14, 1701–1708. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1155 Salama, M.A., Galal, Y.G.M., Hussien, M.A., Atia, M.F., Eldehn, I.F.M., 2024. Using desalinated water from solar stills to irrigate green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in different water regimes with an application of 15N stable isotope. Egypt. J. Soil Sci. 64, 31–47. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejss.2023.228700.1636 Sampathkumar, K., Arjunan, T. V, Pitchandi, P., Senthilkumar, P., 2010. Active solar distillation—A detailed review. Renew. Sustain. energy Rev. 14, 1503–1526. Sathyamurthy, R., Kennady, H.J., Nagarajan, P.K., Ahsan, A., 2014. Factors affecting the performance of triangular pyramid solar still. Desalination 344, 383–390. Sharshir, S.W., Kandeal, A.W., Ismail, M., Abdelaziz, G.B., Kabeel, A.E., Yang, N., 2019. Augmentation of a pyramid solar still performance using evacuated tubes and nanofluid: experimental approach. Appl. Therm. Eng. 160, 113997. Shi, L., Wang, X., Hu, Y., He, Y., Yan, Y., 2020. Solar-thermal conversion and steam generation: a review. Appl. Therm. Eng. 179, 115691. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115691 Singh, A.K., Tripathy, R., Chopra, U.K., 2008. Evaluation of CERES-Wheat and CropSyst models for water–nitrogen interactions in wheat crop. Agric. Water Manag. 95, 776–786. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.02.006 Tiwari, A.K., Tiwari, G.N., 2006. Effect of water depths on heat and mass transfer in a passive solar still: in summer climatic condition. Desalination 195, 78–94. Tiwari, G.N., Dimri, V., Chel, A., 2009. Parametric study of an active and passive solar distillation system: Energy and exergy analysis. Desalination 242, 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.027 Tony, M.A., 2022. Valorization of undervalued aluminum-based waterworks sludge waste for the science of “The 5 Rs’ criteria”. Appl. Water Sci. 12, 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01554-7 Tony, M.A., Nabwey, H.A., 2024. Recent advances in solar still technology for solar water desalination. Appl. Water Sci. 14, 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-024-02188-1 Tripathi, R., Tiwari, G.N., 2006. Thermal modeling of passive and active solar stills for different depths of water by using the concept of solar fraction. Sol. energy 80, 956–967. Tripathi, R., Tiwari, G.N., 2004. Effect of size and material of a semi-cylindrical condensing cover on heat and mass transfer for distillation. Desalination 166, 231–241. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.078 Wang, Z., Horseman, T., Straub, A.P., Yip, N.Y., Li, D., Elimelech, M., Lin, S., 2024. Pathways and challenges for efficient solar-thermal desalination. Sci. Adv. 5, eaax0763. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0763 Xiao, G., Wang, X., Ni, M., Wang, F., Zhu, W., Luo, Z., Cen, K., 2013. A review on solar stills for brine desalination. Appl. Energy 103, 642–652. Yeh, H.-M., Chen, L.-C., 1986. The effects of climatic, design and operational parameters on the performance of wick-type solar distillers. Energy Convers. Manag. 26, 175–180. Yeh, H.-M., Chen, L.-C., 1985. Basin-type solar distillation with air flow through the still. Energy 10, 1237–1241. Yousef, M.S., Hassan, H., 2019. Energetic and exergetic performance assessment of the inclusion of phase change materials (PCM) in a solar distillation system. Energy Convers. Manag. 179, 349–361.
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 251 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 130 |
||