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تحلیل رابطة اجزای بودجه رسوب با سنجههای پستیبلندی در مقیاس دامنه در زیرآبخیز شاهد معرف- زوجی خامسان | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| مقاله 8، دوره 38، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 147، تیر 1404، صفحه 118-138 اصل مقاله (1.05 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/wmrj.2025.367713.1602 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| رضا زارعی1؛ عبدالواحد خالدی درویشان* 2؛ محمدرضا زارع3؛ پائولو پورتو4 | ||
| 1دانشآموخته دکتری، گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابعطبیعی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابعطبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران | ||
| 3استادیار گروه فیزیک، دانشکدة علوم، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران | ||
| 4استاد گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه مدیترانه رجیو کالابریا، ایتالیا | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه و هدف با توجه به اهمیت خاک و وابستگی جوامع بشری به خاک برای تولید غذا در سراسر جهان و بهویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه، امروزه یکی از مشکلات مهم و اساسی، فرسایش و نابودی خاک است. میانگین فرسایش خاک در کشور حدود 16/5 تن در هکتار برآوردشده است و فرسایش خاک در ایران تقریباً معادل ۲ تا 2/5 برابر آسیا و ۵ تا ۶ برابر میانگین جهانی است که بیشتر در دامنهها و مناطق شیبدار بهدلیل پوشش گیاهی فقیر رخ میدهد. با توجه به پیشرفت و توسعة روشهای اندازهگیری فرسایش و رسوب و از سوی دیگر، هزینه و نبود دقت در روشهای قدیمی چون استفاده از کرتها و پینهای فرسایش، امروزه استفاده از رادیونکلوئیدها بهویژه سزیم-137 برای اندازهگیری اندازة فرسایش و رسوبگذاری و اجزای بودجه رسوب، بسیار حائز اهمیت است. یکی از مزیتهای مهم این روشها که بهویژه در دهههای گذشته پژوهشگران به آن توجه داشتهاند، امکان اندازهگیری توزیع مجدد خاک در اثر فرسایش آبی در دامنهها و آبخیزها و حتی در مقیاس کرتهای آزمایشگاهی است. برآورد دقیق اجزای بودجه رسوب برای برآورد اندازة فرسایش و بازتوزیع خاک و امکان برنامهریزی برای حفاظت خاک در هر منطقه ضروری است. ازاینرو، هدف این پژوهش برآورد اجزای بودجة رسوب در مقیاس دامنه با استفاده از سنجههای پستیبلندی بود. مواد و روشها بهدلیل امکان استفاده از نتایج پژوهشهای پیشین و در دسترس بودن مدل رقومی ارتفاع با دقت مکانی یک متر، بهوسیلة پهپاد فتوگرامتری، این پژوهش در زیرآبخیز شاهد آبخیز معرف-زوجی خامسان در استان کردستان انجام شد. برای بررسی دقیق اثر زاویه و انحنای شیب بر فرسایش و رسوبگذاری، نمونهبرداری خاک در 31 نقطه در یک شبکه 200 متری با روش نظاممند-تصادفی و در 48 نقطه روی شش نوار اندازهگیری انجام شد. بعد از انجام مراحل آمادهسازی نمونههای خاک شامل هواخشک کردن، خشککن انجمادی و عبور از الک 63 میکرون، 293 گرم خاک درون ظروف مخصوص برای اندازهگیری سزیم-137 به آزمایشگاه ارسال شد. همچنین، نقشههای توزیعی سنجههای پستیبلندی با استفاده از مدل رقومی ارتفاع در نرمافزار Arc GIS 10.8 استخراج شد. سپس، نقشة توزیعی فرسایش/بازتوزیع خاک با استفاده از نقاط اندازهگیری سزیم-137 و رهیافت واحدکاری تهیه شد. همچنین، اجزای بودجه رسوب شامل فرسایش کل، رسوبگذاری کل، فرسایش خالص و نسبت تحویل رسوب برای تعداد 14 دامنه در زیرآبخیز مطالعهشده، محاسبه شد. سپس، بهمنظور بررسی بهنجار بودن دادهها در تعداد 14 دامنة بررسیشده، از آزمون شاپیرو ویلک استفاده شد و با توجه به بهنجار بودن دادهها، همبستگی میان سنجههای پستیبلندی و اجزای بودجه رسوب در مقیاس دامنه با استفاده از آزمون پیرسون بررسی شد. سرانجام، معادلههای وایازی برای برآورد اجزای بودجه رسوب با استفاده از سنجههای پستیبلندی ارائه شد. نتایج و بحث بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش در 14 دامنة بررسیشده، فرسایش ویژه کل میان 0/93 تا 7/52 تن در هکتار در سال و رسوبگذاری ویژه کل میان 0/03 تا 0/51 تن در هکتار در سال بهدست آمد. این یافتهها بیانگر آن بود که درصد قابل توجهی از فرسایش از دامنهها خارجشده است. فرسایش ویژه خالص نیز میان 0/79 تا 7/45 تن در هکتار در سال محاسبه شد که بیانگر نسبت تحویل رسوب میان 0/84 تا 1/00 برای دامنههای بررسیشده بود. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که رابطة همبستگی میان فرسایش (کل و خالص) و نسبت تحویل رسوب با زاویه شیب، عامل پستیبلندی و شاخص توان آبراهه، معنیدار و منفی است. این یافته نشاندهندة اثر غالب کاربری زمینهای زراعت دیم بر افزایش فرسایش در شیبهای کمتر و در پاییندست دامنهها است و در مناطق بالادست دامنهها اگرچه شیب بیشتر بود، اما، بهدلیل کمتر دستخوردهشدن خاک و کاربری مرتع، فرسایش در کمترین اندازه بود. ازاینرو، در این پژوهش، در تفسیر رابطهها و معادلههای وایازی از نتایج کاربری زمینها و تغییرات آن در نیمرخ طولی دامنهها، استفاده شد. نتیجهگیری و پیشنهادها ناحیه داخلی آبخیز خامسان شامل یک دشت کمشیب با کاربری غالب زراعت دیم بود که تا بخشهایی از پیرامون دامنههای پرشیب، ادامه یافته و مشابه این شرایط در زیرآبخیزها و از جمله زیرآبخیز شاهد نیز مشاهده شد. شرایط تغییرات کاربری زمینها از بالادست تا پائیندست دامنههای پیرامون زمینهای دیم، نسبتاً مشابه بود. ازاینرو، معادلههای وایازی ارائهشده در این پژوهش قابلیت استفاده در دامنههای آبخیز معرف-زوجی خامسان و نیز دیگر آبخیزهای مشابه را دارد. بنابراین، پیشنهاد میشود سنجههای پستیبلندی با استفاده از مدل رقومی ارتفاع با دقتهای مکانی گوناگون استخراج شود و در برآوردها استفاده شود. همچنین، پیشنهاد میشود با توجه به نقش مهم کاربری زمین در تولید فرسایش و رسوب، طرح آمایش سرزمین در منطقه مطالعهشده انجام شود و بر اساس توان هر بخش، اصلاح و تغییرکاربری زمین انجام شود. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| انحنای شیب؛ بازتوزیع خاک؛ شاخص رطوبت پستیبلندی؛ فرسایش خالص؛ نسبت تحویل رسوب | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Analysis of the Relationship between Sediment Budget Components and Topographic Metrics at the Hillslope Scale in Control Sub-watershed of the Khamsan Representative-paired Watershed | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Reza Zarei1؛ Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan2؛ Mohamad Reza Zare3؛ Paolo Potro4 | ||
| 1Former Ph.D. Student, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran | ||
| 4Professor, Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction and Goal Given the critical importance of soil and humanity's reliance on it for food production worldwide, especially in developing countries, one of the most important and fundamental problems today is soil erosion and degradation. The average soil erosion in the country is estimated to be around 16.5 tons per hectare, and soil erosion in Iran is approximately 2 to 2.5 times higher than the average in Asia and 5 to 6 times higher than the global average, predominantly occurring in slopes and hilly areas due to poor vegetation cover. Considering the advancements and development of erosion and sediment methods, along with the costs and lack of accuracy in traditional methods such as the use of erosion pins and plots, the use of radionuclides, especially 137Cs, for measuring the amount of erosion and deposition and sediment budget components is of great importance today. One of the important advantages of these methods, which has attracted the attention of researchers especially in recent decades, is the possibility of measuring soil redistribution due to water erosion in slopes and watersheds and even on the scale of laboratory plots. Accurately estimation of sediment budget components is essential for estimating erosion rates and planning effective soil conservation measures in any region. Therefore, this research aims to estimate the sediment budget components at the hillslope scale using topographic metrics. Materials and Methods Due to the possibility of using the results of previous researches and the availability of a digital elevation model with a spatial accuracy of one meter obtained from a drone photogrammetry, the present study was conducted in the control sub-watershed of the Khamsan representative paired watershed in Kurdistan province. To investigate the effect of the slope angle and curvature on erosion and sedimentation, soil sampling was done at 31 points in a 200-m grid with a systematic-random method and also at 48 points on six transects. After preparation of the soil samples including air and freeze drying and passing through a 63-micron sieve, 293 grams of soil were sent to the laboratory in special containers for the measurement of 137Cs. Also, distribution maps of topographic metrics were extracted using the digital elevation model in ArcGIS 10.8 software. Then, a distribution map of soil erosion/redistribution was prepared using the 137Cs inventory points and work unit approach. Additionally, the components of the sediment budget including total erosion, total sedimentation, net erosion and sediment delivery ratio were calculated for 14 hillslopes in the studied sub-watershed. Then, in order to check the normality of the data in the 14 studied hillslopes, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used, and according to the normality of the data, the correlation between the topographic metrics and the sediment budget components at the hillslope scale was checked using the Pearson correlation test. Finally, regression equations were presented to estimate the sediment budget components using topographic metrics. Results and Discussion According to the results of this study on the 14 studied hillslopes, specific total erosion ranged from 0.93 to 7.52 t ha-1yr-1, while the specific total deposition ranged from 0.03 to 0.51 t ha-1yr-1. These findings indicated that a significant percentage of erosion had been exported from the hillslopes. Specific net erosion was also calculated between 0.79 and 7.45 t ha-1 yr-1, which indicates the sediment delivery ratio between 0.84 and 1.00 for the investigated hillslopes. The results indicate that the correlation between erosion (total and net) and sediment delivery ratio with slope angle, topographic factor, and stream power index is significant and negative. These findings indicate the dominant effect of dryland farming on increased erosion in gentler slopes and downstream areas, in the upstream regions of the slopes, although the slope was steeper, erosion was minimal due to less soil disturbance and rangeland usage. Consequently, in this study, the interpretation of relationships and regression equations utilized the results of land use and its changes along the slope profile. Conclusion and Suggestions The inner area of the Khamsan watershed includes a low-slope plain with the predominant land use of rainfed agriculture, which continues to parts of the surrounding steep slopes, and similar conditions can be seen in the sub-watersheds, including the control sub-watershed. The conditions of land use changes from the upstream to the downstream of the hillslopes around the rainfed lands have relatively similar. Therefore, the regression equations presented in this study are applicable in the hillslopes of the Khamsan representative paired watershed and other similar watersheds. Finally, it is suggested to extract topographical metrics using digital height models with different spatial accuracies and use them in estimations. It is also recommended that a land management plan be developed for the studied area, taking into account the significant role of land use in erosion and sediment production, with adjustments and land use changes implemented based on the potential of each section. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Net erosion, sediment delivery ratio, slope curvature, soil redistribution, topographic wetness index | ||
| مراجع | ||
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