| تعداد نشریات | 286 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 84 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 2,907 |
| تعداد مقالات | 32,799 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 43,053,215 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 19,656,667 |
ارزیابی ژنوتیپهای محلی گردوی استان کرمان با استفاده از صفات مورفولوژیکی و پومولوژیکی | ||
| نهال و بذر | ||
| دوره 40، شماره 1، فروردین 1403، صفحه 125-97 اصل مقاله (942.22 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/spj.2025.368013.1394 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| جواد فرخی تولیر* 1؛ اصغر سلیمانی2 | ||
| 1استادیار، بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمان، ایران. | ||
| 2استادیار، پژوهشکده میوه‌های معتدله و سردسیری، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| تنوع ژنتیکی بالای درختان گردو در استان کرمان بهدلیل تکثیر بذری، زمینه مساعدی را جهت شناسایی و انتخاب ژنوتیپهای مطلوب این محصول در دومین استان تولیدکننده گردوی کشور فراهم ساخته است. در این مطالعه 35 ژنوتیپ انتخابی از مناطق مختلف گردوکاری استان کرمان، با استفاده از 21 صفت مورفولوژیکی و پومولوژیکی در سالهای 1399 تا 1402 ارزیابی شد. درصد مغز بین 41 تا 66/88درصد متغیر بود. اکثر ژنوتیپها سهولت جداشدن مغز از پوسته چوبی آسان تا متوسطی داشتند. بیشترین ضریبتغییرات مربوط به میزان چسبندگی دو نیمه چوبی 26/59درصد و شکل نوک میوه 26/26درصد بود. بیشترین ضریب همبستگی بین سهولت جداشدن و میزان چسبندگی دو نیمهچوبی ( 0/672=r) بود. براساس نتایج تجزیه خوشهای، ژنوتیپهای مطالعه شده در چهارگروه جداگانه قرار گرفتند. گروه‌بندی ژنوتیپها با موقعیت جغرافیایی آنها مطابقت نداشت. تجزیه به مؤلفههای اصلی (PCA) نشان داد که سه مؤلفه اول (PC) در برگیرنده 58/9درصد کل تغییرات بود. در بین ژنوتیپهای بررسیشده، ژنوتیپهای شماره 1، 2، 3، 10 و 18 نسبت به سایر ژنوتیپها از نظر عادت باردهی، زمان برگدهی، درصد مغز، اندازه میوه، عملکرد میوه در درخت و شدت رنگ مغز برتری نشان دادند. این ژنوتیپها میتوانند به عنوان ژنوتیپ های برتر مورد ارزیابی بیشتر قرار گیرند و در برنامه های به نژادی گردو نیز استفاده شوند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| گردو؛ عادت باردهی؛ درصد مغز؛ وزن میوه؛ رنگ مغز؛ عملکرد میوه در درخت | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Evaluation of Local Walnut Genotypes from Kerman Province Using Morphological and Pomological Traits | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| J. Farrokhi Toolir1؛ A. Soleimani2 | ||
| 1Assistant professor, Field and Horticultural Crops Research Department, Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Kerman, Iran. | ||
| 2Assistant professor, Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Kerman province has the second largest walnut growing areas in Iran, with significant genetic diversity that provides the opportunity for identification and selection of desirable genotypes. This study evaluated 35 local genotypes from various walnut-growing regions in Kerman province during 2020 to 2023, using 21 morphological and pomological traits. Kernel percentages ranged from 41% to 66.88%, with most genotypes showed easy to medium kernel separation from the shell. The highest coefficients of variation (CV) were related to adhesion of the two woody halves (26.59%) and the shape of the fruit tip (26.26%). The highet correlation coefficient was between ease of separation and adhesion of the woody halves (r=0.672). Cluster analysis (CA) grouped the walnut genotypes into four distinct groups, which did not correspond with their geographical locations. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first three components accounted for 58.9% of the total variation. Genotypes 1, 2, 3, 10, and 18 outperformed others in bearing type, leafing time, kernel percentage, fruit size, fruit yield tree-1, and kernel color intensity, make them suitable for further evaluation and used in walnut breeding programs. Keywords: Walnut, bearing type, kernel percentage, fruit weight, kernel colour, yield tree-1. Introduction The Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an important food and medicinal species, and Iran is the main center of its diversity and one of the leading walnut producer (Rezaei et al., 2018). Kerman province has a long history of walnut cultivation, ranking second in area and third in production at the national level (Anonymous, 2022). Due to using seed for propagation, there is significant genetic diversity among walnut populations in different regions, which are valuable sources for walnut breeding programs. Mozaffari, (2011) evaluated 33 walnut genotypes from Kerman province and reported that there were walnut genotypes with fruit weights of 12.5g, kernel weights of 5.6g, and kernel percentages of 43.25%. Multivariate analysis methods as CA and PCA have proven effective in understanding the relationship between morphological traits in walnut germplasm, enhancing breeding efficiency and horticultural management (Liu et al., 2020). This study aimed to classify walnut genotypes from different regions in Kerman province based on morphological and pomological traits and to identify promising walnuts genotypes with higher fruit yield and quality. Materials and Methods This study was carried out during 2020 to 2023 on trees of 35 local walnut genotypes of almost the same age, from different regions in Kerman province. Information from horticultural experts of Baft and Rabor city agricultural administrations and local people, promoters and extension agents was obtained and used. The geographical coordinates of locations of the walnut orchards including longitude, latitude and altitude above the sea level was recorded using a GPS device. These areas mainly had an altitude of more than 2100 meters above sea level and included: Googher, Rabor, Esker, Baft, Bezenjan, Sirjan, and Bardsir.We assessed 21 nut-related traits using scoring methods based on national walnut DUS descriptor. Correlation coefficients were calculated and descriptive statistics were derived. The cluster cutting method using, with n represented the number of genotypes, and was implemented at points of significant distance between clusters. Statistical analyses were performed using Minitab 18 and SPSS Statistics version 26. Results and Discussion Walnut genotypes; 6 from Cheshmehsabz Googher, 13 from Genuieyeh Rabor, and 16 from Bagh-e-Fatk Bezenjan showed strong wood adhesion and difficulty in separating the kernel from the shell. Genotypes 15 from Borkanan-e-Sofla Baft and 20 from Ghanatzereshk Sirjan had dark kernel colour, while genotypes 1 from Godal-e-Seiffoddin Googher, 4 from Bondar-e-Hanza Rabor, and 9 from Tezerj Esker had very light kernel colour. The highest kernel weight percentage (66.88%) was in genotype 14 from Borkanan-e-Sofla Baft, and 29 from Hajiabad Baft (66.83%), respectively, while genotype 25 from Dehbala-e-Bidkhoon Bardsir had the lowest (41%). The average kernel percentage was 52.85%, which is lower than reported averages for walnuts from Albania and Turkey, and Neyriz-e- Fars, and Malayer regions (Zeneli et al., 2004; Rezaei et al., 2018). Cluster analysis, using Ward's method, grouped the 35 walnut genotypes into four distinct clusters: 13 genotypes in the first group, 12 in the second group, and five in each of the third and fourth groups. Genotypes; 1 from Godal-e-Seiffoddin Googher, 2 from Avask Googher, 3 from Bondar-e- Hanza Rabor, and 18 from Kahansiyah Sirjan from group 1, along with genotype 10 from Amirabad Googher from group 4, excelled in type of beaing, leafing time, hernel percentage, nut width and length, yield tree-1, and intensity of kernel ground color traits, and can be considerd for further evaluation and used in walnut breeding programs. References Anonymous, 2022. Agricultural Statistical Yearbook. 3rd Volume. Horticultural and Glasshouse Products. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran (in Persian). 401 pp. Liu, B., Zhao, D., Zhang, P., Liu, F., Jia, M. and Liang, J. 2020. Seedling evaluation of six walnut rootstock species originated in China based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Scientia Horticulturae, 265, pp.109-212. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109212 Mozaffari, M. R. 2011. Comparison of Iranian and foreign walnut cultivars and clones, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kerman, Iran (in persian). 46 pp. Rezaei, Z., Khadivi, A., ValizadehKaji, B. and Abbasifar, A. 2018. The selection of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes as revealed by morphological characterization. Euphytica, 214(69), pp.1-14. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-018-2153-z Zeneli, G., Kola, H. and Dida, M. 2004. Phenotypic variation in native walnut populations of northern Albania. Scientia Horticulturae, 105, pp.91–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2004.11.003 | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Walnut, bearing type, kernel percentage, fruit weight, kernel colour, yield tree-1 | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abdi, H. and Williams, L. J. 2010. Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Computational Statistics, 2, pp.433–459. DOI: 10.1002/wics.101
Ahmad Shah, R., Bakshi, P., Sharma, N., Jasrotia. A., Itoo, H., Rucku, G. and Singh, A. 2021. Diversity assessment and selection of superior Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees of seedling origin from north-western Himalayan region. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 3(15), pp.1-10. DOI: 10.1016/ j.resen v. 2021. 100015
Akça, Y. and Ozongun, S. 2004. Selection of late leafing, late flowering, laterally fruitful walnut (Juglans regia. L) types in Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 32(4), pp.337-342. DOI: 10.1080/01140671.2004.9514313
Akça, Y., Yuldasulu, B. Y., Murad, E., Vahdati, K., 2020. Exploring of walnut genetic resources in Kazakhstan and evaluation of promising selections. International Journal Horticulture Science and Technology, 2, pp.93–102. DOI: 10.22059/ijhst.2020.299930.352
Alinia Ahandani, E., Darzi-Ramandi, H., Sarmad, J., Asadi-Samani, M., Yavari, A. and Alinia Ahandani, R. 2014. Evaluation of morphological diversity among some Persian Walnut accessions (Juglans regia L.) in Guilan, Northern Iran. International Journal of Plant Biology and Research, 2(3), pp.1016–1024.
Anonymous. 2007. Guidelines for the differentiation and uniformity of walnut (descriptor). Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad. Tehran, Iran (in Persian). 34 pp.
Anonymous, 2022. Agricultural Statistical Yearbook. 3rd Volume. Horticultural and Glasshouse Products. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran (in Persian). 401 pp.
Arab, M. M., Marrano, A., Abdollahi-Arpanahi, R., Leslie, C. A., Askari, H., Neale, D. B. and Vahdati, K. 2018. Genome-wide patterns of population structure and association mapping of nut-related traits in Persian walnut populations from Iran using the Axiom J. regia 700K SNP array. Scientific Reports, 9(1), pp.63-76. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42940-1
Arzani, K., Mansouri-Ardakan, H., Vezvaei, A. and Roozban, M. 2008. Morphological variation among Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from central Iran. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 36, pp.159–168. DOI: 10.1080/01140670806510 232
Aslantas, R. 2006. Identification of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in north eastern Anatolia, Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 34, pp.231–237. DOI: 10.1080/01140671.2006.9514412
Ebrahimi, A., Khadivi-Khub, A., Nosrati, Z. and Karimi, R. 2015. Identification of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes with late leafing and high kernel quality in Iran. Scientia Horticulturae, 193, pp.195–201. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.049
Ehteshamnia, A., Sharifani, M., Vahdati, K. and Erfani, V. 2009. Investigation of genetic diversity among native populations of Walnut (Juglans regia) in Golestan by SSR markers. Journal of plant production, 16(4), pp.39-58 (in Persian).
Eskandari, S. 2014. A practical guide for growing walnuts. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) publications. Teran, Iran. 170 pp. (in Persian).
Fallah, M., Rasouli, M., Hassani, D., Lawson, S.S., Sarikhani, S. and Vahdati, K. 2022. Tracing superior late-leafing genotypes of Persian walnut for managing late-spring frost in walnut orchards. Horticulturae, 8(1003), pp.1-12. DOI: 10.3390/ horticulturae 8111003
FAO. 2022. World food and agriculture-statistical yearbook. Food and Agriculture Organization Publication. Rome, Italy. 254 pp.
Farrokhi Toolir, J. and Mozaffari, M. M. 2020. Morphological study of some Persian walnut genotypes and commercial cultivars cultured in Kerman region in southeast of Iran. Agriculture Conspectus Scientificus, 85(2), pp.123-137.
Forde, H. I. and Mcgranahan, G. H. 1996. Walnuts. Pp. 241-273. In: Janick, J. and Moore, J. N. (eds.) Fruit Breeding, Volume III: Nuts. Pordue University Press.USA.
Ghanbari, A., Faraji, M., Shokouhian, A. and Pyrayesh, A. 2018. Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in the west of Meshkin-Shahr. Jurnal of Nuts, 9(1), pp.57–65.
Ghasemi, M., Arzani, K. and Hassani, D. 2012. Evaluation and identification of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in Markazi province of Iran. Crop Breeding Journal, 2(2), pp.119-124. DOI: 10.22092/cbj.2012.100429
Hassani, D., Mazafari, M. R., Dehghanshorki, Y., Soleimani, A. and Looni, A. 2013. Morphological and phenological traits of some local and exotic walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars and genotypes in Iran. Seed and Plant Journal, 29(4), pp.839-855 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spij.2017.111194
Hassani, D., Sarikhani, S., Dastjerdi, D., Mahmoudi, R., Soleimani, A. and Vahdati, K. 2020a. Situation and recent trends on cultivation and breeding of Persian walnut in Iran, Scientia Horticulturae, 270(3), pp.1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109369
Hassani, D., Mozaffari, M. R., Soleimani, A., Dastjerdi, R., Rezaee, R., Keshavarzi, M., Vahdati, K. and Atefi, J. 2020b. Four new Persian walnut cultivars of Iran: Persia, Caspian, Chaldoran, and Alvand. Hortscience, 55, pp.1162–1163. DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI15044-20
Keshavarzi, K. and Karimpoor Fard, H. 2021. Walnut-diseases and pests. Agricultural Resaech, education, and Extension Organization (AREEO) press, Iran. 24 pp. (in Persian)
Khadivi-Khub, A., Ebrahimi, A., Mohammadi, A. and Kari, A. 2015. Characterization and selection of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from seedling origin trees. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 250, pp.557-567. DOI 10.1007/s10681-015-1429-9
Lashkari, A., Imani, A. and Bigdeli-Mohab, M. 2015. Evaluation of superior genotypes of walnut selection in Ziaabad region, Qazvin, using phenomorphological traits. Pp.10. In: Proceeding s of 9th Horticultural Sciences Congress, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. Liu, B., Zhao, D., Zhang, P., Liu, F., Jia, M. and Liang, J. 2020. Seedling evaluation of six walnut rootstock species originated in China based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Scientia Horticulturae, 265, pp.109-212. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109212
Lone, F.A., Ganaie, M. I., Ganaie, S. A., Rather, J. A. and Shafi Bhat, M. 2023. Economic and profitability analysis of walnut production in Kashmir valley, India. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 20(2), pp.69-80. DOI: 10.37801/ajad2023.20.2.p3
Mahmoodi, R., Dadpour, M. R., Hassani, H., Zeinalabedini, M., Vendramin, E., Micali, S. and Zaare-Nahandi, F. 2019. Development of a core collection in Iranian walnut (Juglans regia L.) germplasm using the phenotypic diversity. Scientia Horticulturae, 249, pp.439 – 448. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.02.017
Mamadjanov, D. K. 2001. Walnut fruit forests and diversity of walnut tree in Kyrgyzstan. Acta Horticulturae, 705, pp.173-176. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.705.20
Mcgranahan, G. H., Leslie, C. and Gradsiel, T. M. 2009. Breeding Walnuts (Juglans regia). Pp. 249-273. In: Mohan Jain, S. and Priyadarshan, P. M. (eds.) Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Temperate Species. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71203-1
Mohammadi, S. A. and Prasanna, B. M. 2003. Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants-salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Science, 43, 1235- 1248. DOI: 10.2135/ cropsci 2003. 1235
Mojtahid, J. 2016. Walnut. Office of Dried and Cold-Processed Fruits, Deputy of Horticultural, Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. Tehran, Iran (in Persian). 54 pp.
Mosivand, M., Hassani, D., Payamnour, V. and Jafar Aghaei, M. 2013. Comparison of tree, nut, and kernel characteristics in several walnut species and inter-specific hybrids. Crop Breeding Journal, 3(1), pp. 25-30. DOI: 10.22092/CBJ.2013.100447 Mousavi, S. A., Tatari, M., Moradi, H. and Hassani, D. 2015. Evaluation of genetic diversity among the superior walnut genotypes based on pomological and phenological traits in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province. Seed and Plant Journal, 31(2), pp.365-389 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/ SPIJ. 2017.111264
Mozaffari, M. R. 2011. Comparison of Iranian and foreign walnut cultivars and clones, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kerman, Iran (in persian). 46 pp.
Rezaei, Z., Khadivi, A., ValizadehKaji, B. and Abbasifar, A. 2018. The selection of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes as revealed by morphological characterization. Euphytica, 214(69), pp.1-14. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-018-2153-z
Saadat, Y. A. and Zandi, P. 2009. Effects of harvesting date on nut characteristics of Persian walnut in Estahban. Journal of Horticulture Science and Technology 10(4), pp.275-284 (in Persian).
Sarikhani Khorami, S., Arzani, K. and Roozban, M. R. 2014. Correlation of certain high heritability horticultural traits in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.). Acta Horticulture, 1050, pp.61-68. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1050.6 Shafaei, Z. and Arzani, K. 2016. Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of some walnut genotypes in Kermanshah province. Seed and Plant Journal, 32(4), pp.437-459 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/SPIJ.2017.113082
Shah, U. N., Mir, J. I., Ahmed, N., Fazili, K. M. 2018. Assessment of germplasm diversity and genetic relationships among walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes through microsatellite markers. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 17(4), pp.339-350. DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2016.07.005 Sharma, R. M., Pandey, M. K. and Shankar, U. 2012. Pest management in walnut: An Overview. Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management, pp.765-785.
Sirvastava, K., Khursheed, K. A., Zargar, A. and Shyma, R. S. 2011. Genetic divergence among Corylus colurna genotypes based on morphological characters of hazelnut. Biodiversity Research and Conservation, 17, pp.13–17. DOI: 10.2478 /v10119-010-0003-5
Soleimani, A., Rabiei, V., Hassani, D., Mozaffari, M. R. and Dastjerdi, R. 2023. Yield related traits in some Persian walnut cultivars: Analysis of genetic and genetic by environment interaction. Advanced Horticulture Science, 37(4), pp.367376. DOI: 10.36253/ahsc13749
Vahdati, K., Mohseni Pourtaklu, S., Karimi, R., Barzehkar, R., Amiri, R., Mozaffari, M. and Woeste, K. 2015. Genetic diversity and gene flow of some Persian walnut populations in southeast of Iran revealed by SSR markers. Plant Systematic Evolution, 301, pp.691-699. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-014-1107-8 Vahdati, K., Arab, M. M., Sarikhani, S., Sadat Hosseini, M., Leslie, C. A. and Brown, P. J. 2019. Advances in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) breeding strategies. Pp. 401-472. In: Al-Khayri, J. M., Jain, S. M., Jhonson, D. V. (eds.) Advances in plant breeding strategies: nut and beverage crops, Springer publisher, Switzerland.
Zeneli, G., Kola, H. and Dida, M. 2004. Phenotypic variation in native walnut populations of northern Albania. Scientia Horticulturae, 105, pp.91–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2004.11.003 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 12 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 13 |
||