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محلول‌پاشی گیاه خارمریم (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) با تنظیمکنندههای رشد گیاهی در شرایط مختلف رطوبت خاک | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| مقاله 10، دوره 40، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 121، مهر 1403، صفحه 562-580 اصل مقاله (710.52 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijmapr.2024.364529.3405 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| بهلول عباس‌زاده* 1؛ سحر فنائی2؛ داود بخشی3 | ||
| 1دکتری زراعت؛ بخش تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و محصولات فرعی، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور/زراعت | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، پردیس دانشگاهی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران | ||
| 3عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه گیلان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه وهدف: گیاهان در طول دوره رشد خود در طبیعت و در شرایط مزرعه در معرض تنش‌های محیطی مختلفی قرار میگیرند. گیاه دارویی خارمریم به دلیل ویژگیهای دارویی و درمانی آن، از زمان باستان به منظور درمان بیماری‌های کبدی و کیسه صفراوی استفاده میشده است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی پاسخ گیاه دارویی خارمریم به تنظیمکنندههای رشدی در شرایط مختلف رطوبتی خاک انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش در سال زراعی 1401-1400 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور واقع در کرج انجام شد. این مزرعه تحقیقاتی، واقع در پنج کیلومتری جنوب‌شرقی شهرستان کرج در عرض جغرافیایی 35 درجه و 48 دقیقه‌ی شمالی و 51 دقیقه‌ی شرقی و ارتفاع 1320 متری از سطح دریا قرار دارد. این پژوهش به صورت کرتهای خردشده بر پایه‌ی طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سطوح مختلف ظرفیت زراعی خاک (90%، 75%، 50%، 25% ظرفیت زراعی) و محلول‌پاشی با تنظیمکننده رشد گیاهی مانند اسید سالیسیلیک (mg.l-1 150- 75)، اسپرمین (mg.l-1 140- 70)، براسینواستروئید (C28) (µM 2/1-1) و آب (شاهد) بود. برای اعمال تیمارهای رطوبتی، میزان رطوبت خاک در حد فاصله‌ی بین ظرفیت زراعی و 25% با استفاده از روش وزنی به‌صورت روزانه و همزمان با TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) تعیین شد. آبیاری با توجه به تیمارهای مورد نظر در کل دوره‌ی رشد براساس نمودار ترسیم‌شده و با کمک TDR انجام گردید. محلول‌پاشی پنج ماه پس از کشت بذر در اردیبهشت‌ماه به فاصله زمانی هفت روز یکب‌ار در سه مرحله انجام شد. در پایان پژوهش صفات میانگین تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، قطر تاج پوششی گیاه، تعداد ساقه فرعی، طول ریشه، قطر طوقه، تعداد روز تا ظهور برگ، ظرفیت آنتیاکسیدانی میوه، شاخص رنگ میوه، درصد خاکستر دانه، محتوای قند برگ، وزن هزاردانه، عملکرد میوه و میزان روغن در گیاه اندازهگیری شد. نتایج: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که کاهش رطوبت خاک، صفات رشدی و عملکردی را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد کاهش داد. با این حال محلول‌پاشی گیاه با تنظیمکننده رشد در بهبود شاخص‌های رشدی مؤثر بود. به‌طوری‌که تعداد برگ در تیمار 25% ظرفیت زراعی خاک در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد (90% طرفیت زراعی) تقریباً به نصف کاهش یافت. محلول‌پاشی گیاه با براسینواستروئیدها در سطح مختلف رطوبتی خاک از کاهش معنی‌دار تعداد برگ در گیاه ممانعت به عمل آورد. بیشترین سطح برگ در تیمار mg.l-1 140 اسپرمین+ FC 75% مشاهده شد. محلول‌پاشی گیاه با اسپرمین و براسینواستروئید در بهبود صفات رویشی در شرایط تنش مؤثر بود. محلول‌پاشی گیاه با اسپرمین در شرایط 50% ظرفیت زراعی منجر به ثبت بیشترین میزان روغن در میوه شد. در شرایط 75% ظرفیت زراعی، محلول‌پاشی گیاه با براسینواستروئید (1 میکرومولار) عملکرد میوه در گیاه را 71.6% در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد در همان سطح تنش و 5.6% در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد در شرایط 90% ظرفیت زراعی افزایش داد. بررسی همبستگی شاخص‌های رنگ با ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدان در گیاه نشان داد که درصد ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدان در گیاه با شاخص روشنایی (L) دارای همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌دار میباشد که بیانگر این است که میوههای با رنگ تیرهتر دارای ظرفیت آنتیاکسیدانی بالاتری هستند. این در حالی است که دو شاخص قرمزی (a) و زردی (b) با ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدان میوه دارای همبستگی منفی و معنی‌دار بود. نتیجهگیری: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که کاهش میزان رطوبت خاک شاخص‌های رشدی و عملکردی گیاه را کاهش میدهد، با این حال محلول‌پاشی گیاه با استفاده از تنظیمکنندههای رشد گیاهی منجر به بهبود شرایط رشدی گیاه در شریط کم آبی میگردد. به‌طورکلی، با توجه به نتایج پژوهش میتوان بیان کرد که محلول‌پاشی گیاه با استفاده اسپرمین در غلظت 140 میلی‌گرم در لیتر با بهبود صفات رشدی و عملکردی در افزایش مقاومت گیاه به شرایط تنش رطوبتی در خاک کمک میکند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| اسپرمین؛ اسید سالیسیلیک؛ براسینواستروئید؛ محلول‌پاشی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Foliar application of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. with plant growth regulators under different soil moisture conditions | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Bohloul Abaszadeh1؛ Sahar Fanaee2؛ Davood Bakhshi3 | ||
| 12Assossiate professor, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Ph.D. Student, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University campus 2 University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran | ||
| 3Associate professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives: Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses during their growth period in nature and under field conditions. Due to its medicinal and therapeutic properties, Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. has been used since ancient times for the treatment of liver and gallbladder diseases. This study aimed to investigate the response of Silybum marianum to plant growth regulators under different soil moisture conditions. Methodology: The present study was conducted in the agricultural year 1401-1400 at the Forests and Rangelands Research Institute research farm located in Karaj, Iran. The research farm is 5 kilometers southeast of Karaj city at a geographical latitude of 35 degrees and 48 minutes north and a longitude of 51 minutes east, with an elevation of 1320 meters above sea level. The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included different levels of field capacity (90%, 75%, 50%, 25% FC) and foliar application with plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid (75-150 mg.l-1), spermine (70-140 mg.l-1), brassinosteroid (C28) (1-1.2 µM), and water (control). Soil moisture levels were determined daily using the weighing method and TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) in the range between field capacity and 25% soil moisture content. Irrigation was conducted according to the desired treatments throughout the growth period based on the plotted graph and with the help of TDR. Foliar spraying was performed seven days apart in three stages, five months after seed sowing in April. At the end of the study, traits including average leaf number, leaf area, canopy diameter, number of lateral branches, root length, root collar diameter, days to leaf emergence, fruit antioxidant capacity, fruit color index, seed ash percentage, leaf sugar content, thousand seed weight, fruit yield, and oil content were measured. Results: The study showed that the reduction of field capacity (FC) reduced growth and yield traits in the plant compared to the control treatment. However, the foliar application of plant growth regulators improved growth traits effectively. For instance, the leaf number in the 25% field capacity treatment was almost halved compared to the control treatment (90% field capacity). Foliar spraying with brassinosteroids prevented a significant decrease in leaf number in the plant under different field capacity levels. The highest leaf area was observed in the treatment with 140 mg.l-1spermine + 75% field capacity. Foliar spraying with spermine and brassinosteroids had a significant effect on improving growth traits under stress conditions. Foliar spraying with spermine or brassinosteroids resulted in the highest oil content in the fruit under 50% field capacity conditions. Under 75% field capacity, foliar spraying with brassinosteroids (1 µM) increased fruit yield in the plant by 71% compared to the control treatment at the same stress level and by 5.5% compared to the control treatment under 90% field capacity conditions. The correlation analysis between color indices and fruit antioxidant capacity showed a positive and significant correlation between the percentage of fruit antioxidant capacity and brightness index (L), indicating that fruits with darker colors had higher antioxidant capacity. However, the redness index (a) and yellowness index (b) had a negative and significant correlation with fruit antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: The research findings have shown that reducing field capacity reduces plants' vegetative and reproductive growth parameters. However, foliar spraying plants with plant growth regulators improves plant growth conditions under water-limited conditions. In general, based on the research results, foliar spraying of plants with spermine at a concentration of 140 mg.l-1 helps improve the growth and performance characteristics, increasing the plant's resistance to moisture stress conditions in the soil. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Spermine, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, foliar spraying | ||
| مراجع | ||
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