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ارزیابی اجزای عملکرد و محتوای کروسین و سافرانال زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) کشت شده در مناطق مختلف استان کردستان | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 40، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 120، تیر 1403، صفحه 275-293 اصل مقاله (1.01 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijmapr.2023.362320.3321 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| توفیق سجادیان1؛ خسرو عبداللهی1؛ جلال خورشیدی* 2 | ||
| 1دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران | ||
| 2استادیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی باغبانی، دانشگاه کردستان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) یکی از گران‌ترین ادویه‌های جهان است که به‌دلیل تقاضای بالایی که در بازارهای جهانی برای آن وجود دارد، کشت و کار آن به شدت در حال توسعه است. کمّیت و کیفیت محصول علاوه بر ژنتیک، تحت تأثیر شرایط آب و هوایی و خاکی محل کشت قرار دارد. بنابراین، شناسایی مناطقی که شرایط آب و هوایی و خاکی آنها نزدیک به شرایط بهینه تولید زعفران باشد، ما را در دستیابی به مطلوب‌ترین عملکرد کمّی و کیفی یاری می‌کند. مواد و روش‌ها: در این پژوهش، زعفران در شش منطقه مختلف استان کردستان (سنندج، کامیاران، قروه، دهگلان، دیواندره و مریوان) در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی کشت شد و طی سه سال (1399 تا 1401) ارزیابی گردید. کورم‌های زعفران استفاده شده در این پژوهش، توده تربت‌حیدریه بودند. در هر منطقه زمینی به مساحت 25 مترمربع انتخاب و پس از آماده‌سازی، سه کرت با ابعاد 2×2 متر با فواصل 1 متر از هم ایجاد گردید. هر کرت آزمایشی شامل 10 ردیف کشت بود و روی هر ردیف کشت، 20 چاله به عمق 15 سانتی‌متر و فاصله 10 سانتی‌متر از همدیگر ایجاد شد و در هر چاله کشت، یک عدد کورم کشت گردید. در هر سال دو بار آبیاری (اوایل مهر و اواخر مهر) به‌صورت غرقابی انجام شد. در فصل گلدهی، گل‌های زعفران برداشت و ویژگی‌های عملکردی (تعداد گل، عملکرد گل خشک، عملکرد کلاله خشک و طول کلاله) و فیتوشیمیایی (محتوای کروسین و سافرانال کلاله) آنها اندازه‌گیری شد. مجموع بارش ماهانه و نیز میانگین دمای ماهانه مربوط به هر منطقه در طول دوره پژوهش از نزدیک‌ترین ایستگاه هواشناسی به آن منطقه بدست آمد. نمونه خاک هر منطقه نیز در آزمایشگاه مورد آنالیز فیزیکی و شیمیایی قرار گرفت. در نهایت به کمک نرم‌افزار SPSS، مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها به روش دانکن و همبستگی بین داده‌های آب و هوایی و خاکی با صفات عملکردی و فیتوشیمیایی به روش پیرسون بدست آمد. نتایج: بیشترین میانگین عملکرد کلاله در هر سه سال متعلق به زعفران کشت شده در کامیاران بود (0.009±0.13، 0.085±27/1 و 0.052±1.54 گرم در مترمربع به‌ترتیب در سال‌های 1399، 1400 و 1401). در هر سه سال، بیشترین میانگین محتوای کروسین از کلاله‌های برداشت شده از مزرعه دیواندره بدست آمد (15.77±53.01، 26.6±92.54 و 5.12±143.07 میلی‌گرم در گرم کلاله خشک به‌ترتیب در سال‌های 1399، 1400 و 1401). بیشترین میانگین محتوای سافرانال در سال‌های 1399 (0.38±4.09 میلی‌گرم در گرم کلاله خشک)، 1400 (0.44±2.48 میلی‌گرم در گرم کلاله خشک) و 1401 (0.14±5.05 میلی‌گرم در گرم کلاله خشک)، به‌ترتیب متعلق به کلاله زعفران‌های مزارع کامیاران (بدون تفاوت معنی‌دار با سایر مناطق غیر از مریوان)، مریوان (بدون تفاوت معنی‌دار با دهگلان و دیواندره) و دیواندره (بدون تفاوت معنی‌دار با سایر مناطق غیر از کامیاران) بود. عملکرد گل خشک و عملکرد کلاله همبستگی منفی معنی‌داری با میزان رس (به‌ترتیب *0.329- =r و **0.356- =r)، مواد آلی (به‌ترتیب **0.422- =r و **0.428- =r) و نیتروژن (به‌ترتیب **0.437- =r و **0.444- =r) و همبستگی مثبت معنی‌داری با پتاسیم (به‌ترتیب **0.544 =r و **0.561 =r) و فسفر (به‌ترتیب **0.410 =r و **0.435= r) نشان دادند. محتوای کروسین کلاله همبستگی مثبت معنی‌دار با میزان رس (**0.557 =r) و اسیدیته خاک (**0.438 =r) و همبستگی منفی معنی‌داری با میزان شن خاک (**0.461- =r) داشت. سافرانال با هیچ‌یک از ویژگی‌های خاک و ارتفاع از سطح دریا، همبستگی معنی‌داری نشان نداد. بین صفات اندازه‌گیری شده با میانگین دمای ماهانه و مجموع بارش ماهانه نیز همبستگی‌های قابل توجهی بدست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طور کلی، مناطقی از استان کردستان با میزان بارندگی کمتر در بهار، تابستان و اوایل پاییز، بارندگی بیشتر در اواخر پاییز و طی زمستان، متوسط دمای ماهانه بیشتر، دارای خاک‌های متوسط بافت حاوی فسفر و پتاسیم بیشتر و نیتروژن و مواد آلی کمتر و اسیدیته کمی قلیایی، برای تولید زعفران، مناسب شناخته شدند. براساس مجموع صفات کمّی و کیفی اندازه‌گیری شده، از بین مناطق مورد مطالعه، کامیاران مناسب‌ترین شرایط را برای تولید زعفران داشت. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کلاله؛ فیتوشیمیایی؛ بارندگی؛ دما؛ خاک | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Evaluation of yield components, crocin and safranal content of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) cultivated in different regions of Kurdistan province | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| T. Sajadian1؛ Kh. Abdollahi1؛ J. khorshidi2 | ||
| 1M.Sc. student, Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most expensive spices in the world, and due to the high demand for it in the world markets, its cultivation is developing strongly. In addition to genetics, the region's climate and soil characteristics also affect the quantity and quality of the product. Therefore, identifying regions, whose climatic and soil conditions are close to the optimal conditions for saffron production will help us achieve the most favorable quantitative and qualitative performance. Materials and methods: In the present study, saffron was cultivated in six different regions of Kurdistan province (Sanandaj, Kamyaran, Ghorveh, Dehgolan, Divandarreh, and Marivan) as a randomized complete block design, and their functional and phytochemical characteristics were evaluated during three years (2020-2022). The saffron corms used in this research were prepared from Torbat-e Heydarieh city. In each region, land with an area of 25 m2 was selected. After preparation, three plots with dimensions 2x2 m with 1m distances were created. Each experimental plot consisted of 10 rows, and in each row, 20 holes were made with a depth of 15 cm and a distance of 10 cm from each other, and then one corm was planted in each hole. Irrigation was done twice a year (late September and late October). During the flowering season, saffron flowers were harvested, and their functional and phytochemical characteristics (number of flowers, dry flower yield, dry stigma yield, stigma length, crocin, and safranal content of the stigma) were measured. Total monthly precipitation and average monthly temperature for each region during the research period were obtained from nearest meteorological station. The physicochemical properties of soil samples from the studied regions were evaluated in the laboratory. Finally, the mean comparison of data (using Duncan’s multiple range test) and correlations between climate and soil data with functional and phytochemical traits (using the Pearson method) were obtained by SPSS software. Results: The results indicated that the maximum stigma yield in all three years belonged to saffron cultivated in Kamyaran (0.13±0.009, 1.27±0.085 and 1.54±0.052 g/m2 in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively). In all three years, the highest crocin content was obtained from the stigmas harvested from Divandarreh farm (53.01±15.77, 92.54±26.6 and 143.07±5.12 mg/g dry stigma in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively). The highest mean of safranal content in the year 2020 (4.09±0.38 mg/g dry stigma), 2021 (2.48±0.44 mg/g dry stigma), and 2022 (5.05±0.14 mg/g dry stigma), belonged to the saffron of Kamyaran (no significant difference with other regions except Marivan), Marivan (no significant difference with Dehgolan and Divandarreh) and Divandarreh (no significant difference with other regions except Kamyaran), respectively. Dry flower yield and stigma yield showed a significant negative correlation with clay (r= -0.329* and r= -0.356**, respectively), organic matter (r= -0.422** and r= -0.428**, respectively) and nitrogen (r= -0.437** and r= -0.444**, respectively), and a significant positive correlation with potassium (r= 0.544** and r= 0.561**, respectively) and phosphorus (r= 0.410** and r= 0.435**, respectively). The crocin content of stigma had a significant positive correlation with clay (r= 0.557**) and pH (r= 0.438**) and a significant negative correlation with sand (r= -0.461**). Safranal had no significant correlation with soil characteristics and altitude. Also, significant correlations were obtained between the measured traits and average monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation. Conclusion: Generally, regions of Kurdistan province with less rainfall in spring, summer and early autumn; more rainfall in late autumn and during winter; higher average monthly temperature; with medium-textured soils containing more phosphorus and potassium, lower nitrogen and organic matter, and slightly alkaline pH, were identified as more suitable regions for saffron production. Based on all measured quantitative and qualitative traits, among the studied regions, Kamyaran had the most suitable conditions for saffron production. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Stigma, phytochemical, precipitation, temperature, soil | ||
| مراجع | ||
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