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تأثیر افزودنی مادة معدنی بنتونیت بر پایداری خاکدانههای سطحی | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 37، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 144، مهر 1403، صفحه 128-143 اصل مقاله (1.95 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/wmrj.2024.364343.1561 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| زینب براری شهیدانی1؛ لیلا غلامی* 2؛ عطااله کاویان3 | ||
| 1دانش آموختة کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابعطبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابعطبیعی ساری، مازندران، ساری، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابعطبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابعطبیعی ساری، مازندران، ساری، ایران | ||
| 3استاد گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابعطبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابعطبیعی ساری، مازندران، ساری، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه و هدف خاک، پایه و اساس منابع زیستی و حیات روی کره زمین است. پایداری خاک از شـاخص های کلیدی است که بهمنظور ارزیابی عملکرد ساختمان خاک در برابر فرسایش خاک استفاده می شود. در واقع پایداری خاکدانه های بیانگر مقاومت ساختمان خاک در برابر نیروهای خارجی مانند برخورد قطرات باران و فرسایش پاشمانی است. انرژی قطرات باران، یکی از عاملهای اصلی ازهم پاشیدگی خاکدانه های خاک در فرسایش آبی است. استفاده از افزودنیهای گوناگون در سطح یا در داخل خاک با فرایندهای گوناگونی شامل سلهبندی سطحی، نفوذ، رواناب، تبخیر و سرانجام فرسایش خاک ارتباط نزدیکی دارد. با توجه به اهمیت پایداری خاکدانه ها در مهار فرسایش خاک، افزایش قطر ذرات در سطح خاک یکی از راه های جلوگیری از حرکت آنها بهوسیلة عاملهای فرسایشی است. بررسی پژوهشهای پیشین نشان داد که افزودن مادة معدنی بنتونیت میتواند نقش مؤثری در تغییرات پایداری خاکدانه ها بهویژه در خاک های تخریبیافته داشته باشد. بنابراین هدف از این پژوهش استفاده از افزودنی بنتونیت بر تغییرات خاکدانه های سطحی خاک بود. مواد و روشها در این پژوهش، مادة معدنی بنتونیت با اندازههای 30،15 و 45% پوشش سطحی خاک و در سه تکرار استفاده شد. ابتدا خاک جمع آوری شده از زمینهای مرتعی تا ژرفای 20 سانتی متری به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شده در معرض هوای آزاد خشک شد و از الک چهار میلی متری عبورداده شد. سپس، خاک در فنجان های پاشمان ریختهشده و تحت شبیه ساز باران با شدت 90 میلی متر بر ساعت و مدت 10 دقیقه قرار گرفت. خاک سطحی قبل و بعد از شبیه سازی باران به ژرفای دو میلی متر و با اندازة 50 گرم از سطح فنجانهای پاشمان جمع آوری شد و پایداری خاکدانه ها با استفاده از روش الک تر محاسبه شد. در این روش خاک باقیمانده روی هر الک با روش شستشو به داخل ظروف نشانه گذاریشده منتقل شد و بهمدت 24 ساعت بهحالت سکون رها شد. پس از تخلیة آب اضافی نمونه ها، رسوب باقی مانده به داخل ظروف مناسب با وزن مشخص منتقل شد. سرانجام بهمدت 24 ساعت در کورة حرارتی با دمای c°105 خشک شد. در نهایت اثر کاربرد مادة معدنی بنتونیت بر متغیرهای دانهبندی و پایداری خاکدانهها با استفاده از نرمافزار SPSS محاسبه شد. نتایج و بحث با توجه به عملکرد حفاظتی و میانگین وزنی- قطر خاکدانه های خاک با استفاده از مادة معدنی بنتونیت با سه اندازة 15، 30 و 45% و بر اساس طبقههای قطری >500، 500-250، 250-125، 125-100، 100-53، 53-38 و <38 میکرومتر، نتایج نشان داد که بهعلت تأثیر مادة معدنی بنتونیت میانگین قطر خاکدانه ها بهطور معنیداری تغییر کرد. میانگین جرم خاکدانه ها در قطرهای مزبور در تیمار شاهد بهترتیب 0/82، 1/88، 6/82، 3/37، 9/53، 4/62 و 20/36 گرم بود و با مادة معدنی بنتونیت با اندازه 15% بهترتیب 1/16، 2/63، 8/17، 4/46، 10/81، 4/02 و 17/68 گرم بود و با مادة معدنی بنتونیت با اندازه 30% بهترتیب 0/84، 2/42، 7/93، 4/32، 11/03، 3/46 و 17/38 گرم و با اندازه 45% پوشش سطحی 0/81، 1/96، 6/95، 3/53، 10/01، 3/51 و 19/31 گرم بود. نتایج آزمون GLM نشان داد که تأثیر مادة معدنی بنتونیت بر متغیرهای 10D، 10/D90D و جورشدگی در سطح 95% و بر متغیرهای 50D، 90D، 10D-90D، 25D-75D و چولگی در سطح 99% معنی دار بود. اما اثر بنتونیت بر متغیر 25D/75D و کشیدگی معنی دار نبود. همچنین با بررسی نتایج آزمون دانکن مشخص شد که مادة معدنی بنتونیت با اندازة 15 و 30% بر پایداری خاکدانه های خاک و افزایش میانگین قطر خاکدانه ها اثر بیشتری داشت. نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادها نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که مادة معدنی بنتونیت با ایجاد چسبندگی در سطح خاک آن را در برابر قطرات باران محافظت کرد و فرسایش خاک را کاهش داد. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش پیشنهاد میشود که ابتدا پژوهش های بیشتری با توجه به شرایط خاک و باران طبیعی انجام شود و سپس اندازههای بهینة بنتونیت در مدیریت فرسایش و رواناب مشخص شود. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| الک تر؛ حفاظت خاک و آب؛ ساختمان خاک؛ قطر خاکدانه؛ مادة معدنی غیرآلی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effect of Bentonite Mineral Conditioner on Soil Surface Aggregates Stability | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Zeynab Barari Shahidani1؛ Leila Gholami2؛ Ataollah Kavian3 | ||
| 1Master Graduated, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor and Corresponding Author, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Sari, Iran | ||
| 3Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Sari, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction and Goal Soil is the basis of biological resources and life on the earth. Soil stability is one of the key indicators that it used to performance evaluation of soil structure against soil erosion. In fact, the aggregates stability indicates the resistance of the soil structure against external forces such as the raindrops impact and splash erosion. The raindrops energy is one of the main factors in the disintegration of soil aggregates in water erosion. The usage of different conditioners on the surface or inside soil is closely related to various processes such as surface sealing, infiltration, runoff, evaporation and finally soil erosion. Considering the importance of the aggregates stability soil erosion control, increasing the particles diameter on the soil surface can be one of the ways to prevent their movement and by erosive factors. The literatures review showed that the bentonite conditioner as a mineral conditioner can play the effective role in stability changes of aggregates, especially in degraded soils. Therefore, the purpose of present research is to the usage of bentonite conditioner on the changes of soil surface aggregates. Materials and Methods In the present research, the conditioner of bentonite mineral used in amounts of 30, 15 and 45% of soil surface coverage and in three replications. At the first, collected soil from rangeland land to depth of 20 cm transferred to laboratory and was exposed to air-dry and passed through sieve of 4-mm. Then the soil was poured into the splash cups and placed under rainfall simulator with a rainfall intensity of 90 mm h-1 and a duration of 10 min. Surface soil before and after application of rainfall simulator was collected with depth of 2-mm with amount of about 50 g of the surface of splash cups and the aggregates stability was calculated using the method of wet sieve. In the method of wet sieve, the remaining soil on each sieve was drained into marked containers using washing method and then and was put to rest for 24 h. After draining the excess water of samples, the remaining sediment was transferred the appropriate containers with specific weight. Finally dried for 24 h at oven with temperature of 105˚C. Finally, the application effect of the bentonite conditioner on the variables of aggregation and aggregates stability was calculated using SPSS software. Results and Discussion According to the conservation function and the average diameter of the soil aggregates using bentonite conditioner in three values of 15, 30 and 45 percent and based on diameter classes >500, 250-500, 125-250, 100-125, 100- 53, 38-53 and <38 micrometer, the results showed that the average diameter of soil aggregates significantly changed under the effect of bentonite conditioner. The average mass of the aggregates in the control treatment was with rates of 0.82, 1.88, 6.82, 3.37, 9.53, 4.62 and 20.36 g respectively, in the mentioned diameters, and with bentonite conditioner in the amount of 15% was with rates of 1.16, 2.63, 8.17, 4.46, 10.81, 4.02 and 17.68 g, respectively. Also, in the conditioner with the amount of 30%, this variable was the rates of 0.84, 2.42, 93. 7, 4.32, 11.03, 3.46 and 17.38 g and in the amount of 45% was the amounts of 0.81, 1.96, 6.95, 3.53, 10.01, 3.51 and 31 It was 19 g, respectively. The results of GLM test showed that the effect of bentonite conditioner on the variables D10, D10/ D90 and sorting was significant in level of 95% and on the variables D50, D90, D90- D10, D75- D25 and skewness was significant in level of 99%. But the bentonite effect was not significant on the variable D75/ D25 and kurtosis. Also, the results of Duncan test showed that the bentonite conditioner with rates of 15 and 30% had the better effects on the stability of soil aggregates and increasing the average aggregates diameter. Conclusion and Suggestions The obtained results from this research showed that bentonite conditioner can act as a protector against the raindrops and reducing soil erosion with creating adhesion on the soil surface. According to the results of the present research, it is suggested that the first, the more researches be conducted due to the soil conditions and natural rainfall and then the optimal values of bentonite be determined by erosion management and runoff. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Aggregate diameter, inorganic conditioner, soil and water conservation, soil structure, wet sieve | ||
| مراجع | ||
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