| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,051 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,085 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 46,559,132 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 77,611,078 |
اثربخشی تریکودرما به‌عنوان محرک دفاعی گیاه در دانهال پسته علیه نماتد ریشه گرهی Meloidogyne javanica | ||
| آفات و بیماری های گیاهی | ||
| دوره 91، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 117، 1402، صفحه 157-171 اصل مقاله (624.26 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مدیریت آفات و بیماری‌های گیاهی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/jaep.2023.362756.1483 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| زهرا فاریابی1؛ حسین علایی* 2؛ اعظم زین الدینی ریسه3؛ نرگس حاتمی4 | ||
| 1دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه ولی عصر(عج) رفسنجان، گروه گیاهپزشکی دانشکده کشاورزی، کرمان، ایران | ||
| 2دانشگاه ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان، دانشکده کشاورزی، گروه گیاهپزشکی | ||
| 3استادیار بیماری شناسی گیاهی دانشگاه ولی عصر(عج) رفسنجان ، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، کرمان، ایران | ||
| 4استادیار ، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در این پژوهش توانایی گونه‌های Trichoderma در مهار زیستی نماتد ریشهگرهی از مسیرتغییرات ترکیبات بیوشیمیایی درگیر در دفاع القایی در دانهال پسته بررسی شد. ترکیبات زیستی تریکودرما شامل سوسپانسیون اسپور و عصاره خام به‌دو روش خاک کاربرد و محلول پاشی استفاده شدند. نتایج آزمون‌های بیوشیمیایی مشخص کرد که این محرک‌ها موجب تجمع آنزیم‌های پراکسیداز (POX)، پلی‌فنل‌اکسیداز (PPO)، فنیل‌آلانین‌آمونیالیاز (PAL) و ترکیبات فنلی دانهال ها و در نتیجه افزایش مقاومت آن‌ها در برابر بیمارگر شدند. ترکیبات زیستی و سویه‌های تریکودرما نسبت به ترکیبات شیمیایی از نظر افزایش سطح آنزیم و دوام آن در گیاه عملکرد بهتری را نشان دادند. برای اندازه گیری میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های POX، PPO، PAL و محتوای فنل کل، نمونه‌برداری در روز اول، چهارم، هشتم و دوازدهم پس از مایه‌زنی نماتد انجام شد. بیشترین افزایش آنزیم POX، در روز چهارم و هشتم به‌ترتیب در روش محلول پاشی و خاک کاربرد مشاهده شد. میزان آنزیم PPO در تیمارخاککاربرد سوسپانسیون اسپور همراه با عصاره خام در روزهای هشتم و دوازدهم افزایش بیشتری داشت. همچنین بیشترین میزان آنزیم PAL روز چهارم وهشتم در تیمار عصاره خام و سوسپانسیون اسپورمخلوط سویه ها به‌همراه عناصر غذایی مشاهده شد. در تیمار ترکیبات زیستی، میزان فنل کل در روزهای هشتم و دوازدهم به‌سرعت افزایش یافت. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| پسته؛ تریکودرما؛ مهار‌زیستی؛ نماتد ریشهگرهی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Efficacy of Trichoderma as stimulator of plant defense in pistachio seedlings against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Zahra Faryabi1؛ Hossein Alaei2؛ Azam Zeynaddini Rise3؛ Narges Hatami4 | ||
| 1MSc Student of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan | ||
| 3Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran | ||
| 4Assistant Professor Research Institute of Forests and Rangeland, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| In this research, the potential of Trichoderma species in biocontrol of root-knot nematode was investigated through the changes of the biochemical compounds involved in induced defense in pistachio seedlings. Trichoderma compounds, including spore suspension and crude extract, were used by soil application and foliar spraying. The results of biochemical tests revealed that the used stimulants caused the accumulation of peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and phenolic compounds of the seedlings and as a result increased their resistance against the pathogens. Biological compounds as well as Trichoderma isolates showed better performance than chemical compounds in terms of increasing the enzyme level and its durability. To measure the activity of enzymes and total phenol content, sampling was done on day 1, 4, 8, and 12 post inoculation of the nematode (dpi). The highest increase in POX was observed on the fourth and eighth dpi in the foliar and soil application methods, respectively. The amount of PPO in soil application with spore suspension and the crude extract had a greater increase on the eighth and twelfth dpi. The highest amount of PAL enzyme was observed on the fourth and eighth dpi using crude extract and spore suspension of the mixed strains with micronutrient. In treatment of biological compounds, the total phenolic content increased rapidly on the eighth and twelfth dpi. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Biological control, pistachio, root knot nematode, Trichoderma | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
ALFIKY, A. and L. WEISSKOPF, 2021. Deciphering Trichoderma–plant–pathogen interactions for better development of biocontrol applications, Journal of Fungi, No. 7: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7010061. AL-HAZMI, A.S. and M. TARIQJAVEED, 2016. Effects of different inoculum densities of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride against Meloidogyne javanica on tomato, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, No. 23: 288-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.04.007. ANESE, M., M.C. NICOLI, G. DALL'AGLIO and C.R. LERICI, 1994. Effect of high pressure treatments on peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities, Journal of Food Biochemistry, No. 18: 285-293. AWAD-ALLAH, E.F.A., A.H.M. SHAMS, A.A. HELALY and E.I.M. RAGHEB, 2022. Effective applications of Trichoderma spp. as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents mitigate tomato Fusarium wilt disease, Agriculture, No. 12: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111950. BAWA, N., S. KAUR and N.K. DHILLON, 2020. Efficacy of Purpureocillium lilacinum, Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride bio-formulations against Meloidogyne incognita, Indian Phytopathology, No. 73: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-020-00276-1 BHUIYAN, S., K. GARLICK, J. ANDERSON, P. WICKRAMASINGHE and G. STIRLING, 2018. Biological control of root-knot nematode on sugarcane in soil naturally or artificially infested with Pasteuria penetrans, Australasian Plant Pathology, No. 47: 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-017-0530-z BLOKHINA, O., E. VIROLAINEN and K.V. FAGERSTEDT, 2003. Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: a review, Annals of Botany, No. 91: 179-194. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf118 BRADFORD, M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Analytical Biochemistry, No. 72: 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3. BRAHOEI, N., 2018. Identification of Trichoderma isolates from the soil of citrus orchards in Kerman province and investigation of the enzyme activity of isolates effective in controlling citrus gomosis disease, Master's Thesis, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan. (in Persian with English summary). CHAREHGANI, H., A. KAREGAR and M. DJAVAHERI, 2014. Comparison of Dl-Β-amino-N-butyric acid, salicylic acid and abscisic acid in induction of resistance in tomato infected by Meloidogyne incognita, Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 504: 161-163. CHEN, S.C., J.J. REN, H.J. ZHAO, X.L. WANG, T.H. WANG, S.D. JIN, Z.H. WANG, C.Y. LI, A.R. LIU, X.M. LIN and J. AHAMMED, 2019. Trichoderma harzianum improves defense against Fusarium oxysporum by regulating ROS and RNS metabolism, redox balance, and energy flow in cucumber roots, Phytopathology, No. 109: 972-982. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-18-0342-R. D’ERRICO, G., N. GRECO, F. VINALE, R. MARRA, V. STILLITTANO, S.W. DAVINO, S.L. WOO and T. D’ADDABBO, 2022. Synergistic effects of Trichoderma harzianum, 1, 3 Dichloropropene and organic matter in controlling the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato, Plants, No. 11: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212890. D'CUNHA, G.B., V. SATYANARAYAN and P. MADHUSUDANAN NAIR, 1996. Stabilization of phenylalanine ammonia lyase containing Rhodotorula glutinis cells for the continuous synthesis of l-phenylalanine methyl ester/96, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, No. 19: 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(96)00013-0. DE MEDEIROS, H.A., J.V.D. ARAúJO FILHO, L.G.D. FREITAS, P. CASTILLO, M.B. RUBIO, R. HERMOSA and E. MONTE, 2017. Tomato progeny inherit resistance to the nematode Meloidogyne javanica linked to plant growth induced by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride, Scientific Reports, No. 7: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40216. DE OLIVEIRA, C.M., N.O. ALMEIDA, M.V.D.C.B. CORTES, M.L. JúNIOR, M.R. DA ROCHA and C.J. ULHOA, 2021. Biological control of Pratylenchus brachyurus with isolates of Trichoderma spp. on soybean, Biological Control, No. 152: 104-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104425. DIXON, R.A., and C. L. STEELE, 1999. Flavonoids and isoflavonoids–a gold mine for metabolic engineering. Trends in Plant Science, No 4: 394-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(99)01471-5 DJIAN, C., L. PIJAROWSKI, M. PONCHET, N. ARPIN and J. FAVRE-BONVIN, 1991. Acetic acid: a selective nematicidal metabolite from culture filtrates of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson and Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai, Nematologica, No. 37: 101-112. DONI, F., A. ISAHAK, C.R. CHE MOHD ZAIN, S. MOHD ARIFFIN, W.N.A. WAN MOHAMAD and W.M. WAN YUSOFF, 2014. Formulation of Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculants using different carriers for soil treatment in rice seedling growth, Springerplus, No. 3: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-532. DUNCAN, L.W. and H. FERRIS, 1983. Validation of a model for prediction of host damage by two nematode species, Journal of Nematology, No. 15: 227. EBADI, M., S. FATEMY and H. RIAHI, 2018. Biocontrol potential of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia isolates against Meloidogyne javanica on pistachio, Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, No. 28: 1-6 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-018-0047-y EL-SHARKAWY, H.H., Y.M. RASHAD and S.A. IBRAHIM, 2018. Biocontrol of stem rust disease of wheat using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma spp., Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, No. 103: 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pmpp.2018.05.002. ESFAHANI, L., S. JAMALI, A. SAEEDIZADEH and H. PEDRAMFAR, 2018. Inducing systemic resistance of tomato by salicylic acid and two biocontrol agents against root-knot nematode, Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science, No. 48: 283-294. (In Persian with English abstract). FATTAHI, M., A. MOHAMMADKHANI, B. SHIRAN, B. BANINASAB and R. RAVASH, 2020. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with different pistachio rootstocks under salinity stress condition, Journal of Plant Process and Function, No. 38: 309-326. (In Persian with English abstract). FEYISA, B., A. LENCHO, T. SELVARAJ, P. AMB and G. GETANEH, 2016. Evaluation of some botanicals and Trichoderma harzianum for the management of tomato root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chit Wood), Advances in Crop Science and Technology, No. 4: 201. https://doi.org/10.5897/JEN2015.0145 FLETCHER, R.S. and L.S. KOTT, 1999. Phenolics and cold tolerance of Brassica napus. In Proceedings of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress. p. 26-29. GHASEMZADEH, A., S. JAMALI, M. ESFAHANI and H. PEDRAMFAR, 2017. The effect of nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race 2) on root and shoot traits in susceptible and tolerant tomato cultivars, Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture, No. 8: 73-92. GOLZARY, H., N. PANJEHKEH, M. AHMADZADEH, M. SALARI and E. SEDAGHATI-KHORAVI, 2011. Elucidating the parasitic capabilities of Trichoderma against Meloidogyne javanica on tomato, Insight Plant Disease, No. 1: 12-19. GRINYER, J., S. HUNT, M. MCKAY, B.R. HERBERT and H. NEVALAINEN, 2005. Proteomic response of the biological control fungus Trichoderma atroviride to growth on the cell walls of Rhizoctonia solani, Current Genetics, No. 47: 381-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-005-0575-3. HARMAN, G.E., C.R. HOWELL, A. VITERBO, I. CHET and M. LORITO, 2004. Trichoderma species—opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts, Nature Reviews Microbiology, No. 2: 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro797. HARMAN, G.E., F. DONI, R.B. KHADKA and N. UPHOFF, 2021. Endophytic strains of Trichoderma increase plants photosynthetic capability, Journal of Applied Microbiology, No. 130: 529-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.1436810.1111/jam.14368HE, Y. and Z.J. ZHU, 2008. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates NaCl toxicity and increases antioxidative enzyme activity in Lycopersicon esculentum, Biologia Plantarum, No. 52: 792-795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-008-0155-8. HUSSEIN, M. and M.A. KAMBEROGLU, 2017. The response to potato virus X infection of tomato plants treated with ISR2000, European Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 149: 807-815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1227-4. HUSSEY, R., 1973. A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of Meloidogyne spp., including a new technique, Plant Disease Reporter, No. 57: 1025-1028. HYDER, S., M. INAM-UL-HAQ, S. BIBI, A. HUMAYUN, S. GHUFFAR and S. IQBAL, 2017. Novel potential of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agent, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, No. 5: 214-222. JEPSON, S.B., 1987. Identification of Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne species), C.A.B international. JI, X., J. LI, Z. MENG, S. DONG, S. ZHANG and K. QIAO, 2019. Inhibitory effect of allicin against Meloidogyne incognita and Botrytis cinerea in tomato, Scientia Horticulturae, No. 253: 203-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.046. KHAN, R.A.A., S. NAJEEB, S. HUSSAIN, B. XIE and Y. LI, 2020. Bioactive secondary metabolites from Trichoderma spp. against phytopathogenic fungi, Microorganisms, No. 8: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060817. KHATAMIDOOST, Z., S. JAMALI, M. MORADI and R. SABERI RISEH, 2015. Effect of Iranian strains of Pseudomonas spp. on the control of root-knot nematodes on pistachios, Biocontrol Science and Technology, No. 25: 291-301. LI, R. X., F. CAI, G. PANG, Q.R. SHEN, R. LI and W. CHEN, 2015. Solubilisation of Phosphate and Micronutrients by Trichoderma harzianum and its relationship with the promotion of tomato plant growth, PLoS One, No. 10: e0130081. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130081. MANGANIELLO, G., A. SACCO, M.R. ERCOLANO, F. VINALE, S. LANZUISE, A. PASCALE, M. NAPOLITANO, N. LOMBARDI, M. LORITO and S.L. WOO, 2018. Modulation of tomato response to Rhizoctonia solani by Trichoderma harzianum and its secondary metabolite harzianic acid, Frontiers in Microbiology, No. 9: 1966. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01966. MARTINEZ‐MEDINA, A., I. FERNANDEZ, G.B. LOK, M.J. POZO, C.M. PIETERSE and S.C. VAN WEES, 2017. Shifting from priming of salicylic acid‐to jasmonic acid‐regulated defences by Trichoderma protects tomato against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, New Phytologist, No. 213: 1363-1377. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14251. MEHDINEJAD, F., E. SEDAGHATI, A. ZEINADINI, H. ALAEI, M. NADI and M. MORADI, 2021. Improvement of growth factor and nutrients elements in treated pistachio seedlings by some symbiotic fungi in presence of Meloidogyne javanica, Journal of Pistachio Science and Technology, No. 5: 168-183. (in Persian with English summary). MEHER, J., R. RAJPUT, R. BAJPAI, B. TELI and B. SARMA, 2020. Trichoderma: Agricultural Applications and Beyond, Cham, Switzerland, Springer. MIRKHANI, F., 2013. Identification of Trichoderma species of soil application in pistachio orchards of Kerman province based on morphological and molecular characteristics, Master's Thesis, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan. (in Persian with English summary). MOSTAFANEZHAD, H., N. SAHEBANI and S. NOURINEJHAD ZARGHANI, 2014. Control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) with combination of Arthrobotrys oligospora and salicylic acid and study of some plant defense responses, Biocontrol Science and Technology, No. 24: 203-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.855166. NEWTON, A., G.D. LYON and T. REGLINSKI, 1993. Development of a new crop protection system using yeast extracts. Home Grown Cereals Authority. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1994.tb04155.x OLAJIDE, M. and N. IZIOGU, 2015. Biocontrol of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) using Trichoderma harzianum on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill), Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, No. 5: 59-64. PARK, Y.-H., R.C. MISHRA, S. YOON, H. KIM, C. PARK, S.-T. SEO and H. BAE, 2019. Endophytic Trichoderma citrinoviride isolated from mountain-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng) has great potential as a biocontrol agent against ginseng pathogens, Journal of Ginseng Research, No. 43: 408-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2018.03.002. PLEWA, M.J., S.R. SMITH and E.D. WAGNER, 1991. Diethyldithiocarbamate suppresses the plant activation of aromatic amines into mutagens by inhibiting tobacco cell peroxidase, Mutation Research-Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, No. 247: 57-64. POURKHAJEH, F., H. CHAREHGANI, M. ABDOLLAHI and M. SADRAVI, 2019. Biocontrol effect of Trichoderma harzianum isolates on root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on greenhouse cucumber, Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, No. 55: 77-82. PRUSKY, D., 2002. Mechanisms of resistance of fruits and vegetables to postharvest diseases. In Postharvest Physiology and Pathology of Vegetables, CRC Press. p. 658-676. REGLINSKI, T., G. LYON and A. NEWTON, 1994. Induction of resistance mechanisms in barley by yeast‐derived elicitors, Annals of Applied Biology, No. 124: 509-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1994.tb04155.x. REUVENI, R., V. AGAPOV and M. REUVENI, 1994. Foliar spray of phosphates induces growth increase and systemic resistance to Puccinia sorghi in maize, Plant Pathology, No. 43: 245-250. SATO, K., Y. KADOTA and K. SHIRASU, 2019. Plant immune responses to parasitic nematodes, Frontiers in Plant Science, No. 10: 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01165. SHARMA, M., I. SAINI, P. KAUSHIK, M.M. ALDAWSARI, T.A. BALAWI and P. ALAM, 2021. Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens application reduces root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) infestation in eggplant, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, No. 28: 3685-3691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.054. SILVA, R.N., V.N. MONTEIRO, A.S. STEINDORFF, E.V. GOMES, E.F. NORONHA and C.J. ULHOA, 2019. Trichoderma/pathogen/plant interaction in pre-harvest food security, Fungal Biology, No. 123: 565-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.010. SINGH, B., DEVINDRAPPA, K.K. HAZRA, U. SINGH and S. GUPTA, 2020. Ecofriendly management of Meloidogyne javanica in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using organic amendments and biocontrol agent, Journal of Cleaner Production, No. 257: 120-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120542. TAYLOR, A. and J. SASSER, 1978. Biology, identification and control of root-knot nematodes, North Carolina State University Graphics, No. 111. TEVIOTDALE, B. L., T. J., MICHAILIDES and J.W. PSCHEIDT, 2002. Compendium of Nut Crop Diseases in Temperate. Zones, American Phytopathological Society St. Paul. MN, USA.. VINALE, F., K. SIVASITHAMPARAM, E.L. GHISALBERTI, R. MARRA, M.J. BARBETTI, H. LI, S.L. WOO and M. LORITO, 2008. A novel role for Trichoderma secondary metabolites in the interactions with plants, Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, No. 72: 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2008.05.005. VIZCAINO, J.A., L. SANZ, A. BASILIO, F. VICENTE, S. GUTIERREZ, M.R. HERMOSA and E. MONTE, 2005. Screening of antimicrobial activities in Trichoderma isolates representing three Trichoderma sections, Mycological Research, No. 109: 1397-1406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756205003898. WANG, J.W., L.P. ZHENG, J.Y. WU and R.X. TAN, 2006. Involvement of nitric oxide in oxidative burst, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activation and taxol production induced by low-energy ultrasound in Taxus yunnanensis cell suspension cultures, Nitric Oxide, No. 15: 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2006.04.261. WANG, Q., X. CHEN, X. CHAI, D. XUE, W. ZHENG, Y. SHI and A. WANG, 2019. The involvement of jasmonic acid, ethylene, and salicylic acid in the signaling pathway of Clonostachys rosea-induced resistance to gray mold disease in tomato, Phytopathology, No. 109: 1102-1114. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-19-0025-R. WHITEHEAD, A.G. and J. R. HEMMING, 1956. A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil, Annals of Applied Biology, No. 55: 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17447348.1965.tb07864.x101111/j.1744-7348.1965.tb07864.x. YAMASAKI, H., Y. SAKIHAMA and N. IKEHARA, 1997. Flavonoid-Peroxidase Reaction as a Detoxification Mechanism of Plant Cells against H2O2, Plant Physiology, No. 115: 1405-1412. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.115.4.1405. ZHANG, S., Y. GAN and B. XU, 2015. Biocontrol potential of a native species of Trichoderma longibrachiatum against Meloidogyne incognita, Applied Soil Ecology, No. 94: 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.04.010. ZIN, N.A. and N.A. BADALUDDIN, 2020. Biological functions of Trichoderma spp. for agriculture applications, Annals of Agricultural Sciences, No. 65: 168-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.09.003. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 524 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 371 |
||