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بررسی برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در مرتع و دیمزار رها شده همجوارسنندج | ||
| تحقیقات مرتع و بیابان ایران | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 30، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 91، شهریور 1402، صفحه 247-263 اصل مقاله (805.44 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijrdr.2023.129900 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| پرویز کرمی* 1؛ فریبا نعمتی2 | ||
| 1استادیار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران | ||
| 2دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی مرتع‌داری، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف رشد جمعیت و افزایش نیاز جهانی به غذا سبب شده است که بشر در دهه‌های اخیر برای تأمین غذای مورد نیاز خود به دست‌کاری در طبیعت و تبدیل اراضی طبیعی به زراعی بخصوص زراعت دیم روی آورد. به دلایل مختلف هر ساله، بخش زیادی از این اراضی رها شده که این امر موجب تغییرات زیادی در خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک می‌شود. این تحقیق با هدف مقایسه مهم‌ترین ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در دو کاربری مرتع و دیمزار رها شده همجوار در استان کردستان انجام گرفت. مواد و روش‌ها این تحقیق در استان کردستان انجام گرفت. برای نیل به هدف پژوهش، چهار منطقه کیلک، صلوات آباد، سراب‌قامیش و ماموخ در شهرستان سنندج انتخاب گردید. در هر منطقه دو کاربری مرتع و دیمزار رها شده همجوار انتخاب شد. در هر کاربری ۳ ترانسکت ۱۰۰ متری بصورت تصادفی - سیستماتیک مستقر گردید و نمونه خاک از عمق 30-0 سانتیمتری به صورت مرکب برداشت شد. بسته به شرایط منطقه و مساحت آن در کیلک 20، صلوات آباد 20، سراب قامیش 14 و ماموخ 8 نمونه مرکب برداشت که نیمی از آنها در مرتع و نصف دیگر در دیمزار رها شده بود. در آزمایشگاه، فاکتورهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک شامل اسیدیته، هدایت الکتریکی، پتاسیم قابل جذب، درصد کربن آلی خاک، نیتروژن کل، فسفر قابل دسترس، بافت خاک و جرم مخصوص ظاهری با استفاده از روش‌های معمول آزمایشگاهی اندازه‌گیری گردید. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و برای مقایسه میانگین‌ها از آزمون چند دامنه‌ای دانکن استفاده گردید. نتایج نتایج نشان داد درصد رس، سیلت، شن و جرم مخصوص ظاهری در مقایسه مراتع چهار منطقه با یکدیگر، مقایسه دیمزار رها شده چهار منطقه با یکدیگر و همچنین مقایسه مرتع با دیمزار رها شده در هر منطقه، اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشتند. مقایسه میانگین اسیدیته مرتع و دیمزار رها شده در هیچکدام از مناطق اختلاف معنی‌داری را نشان نداد. هدایت الکتریکی در مناطق کیلک، صلوات‌آباد و سراب‌قامیش در مرتع بیشتر از دیمزار بوده ولی فقط در کیلک از لحاظ آماری اختلاف معنی‌دار بوده است مقدار هدایت الکتریکی خاک مرتع 143 و در دیمزار رها شده 109 میکروموس‌برسانتی‌متر بوده است. در مقایسه مراتع و دیمزارهای رها شده از نظر مقدار عددی نیتروژن کل و کربن می‌توان استنباط نمود که در تمامی مناطق در مرتع بیشتر از دیمزار رها شده بوده بطوری که نیتروژن در مناطق کیلک، سراب‌قامیش و ماموخ به ترتیب با 24، 40 و 8/42 درصد بیشتر، از نظر آماری اختلافشان معنی‌دار بوده است و هم چنین تفاوت کربن در ماموخ از لحاظ آماری معنی‌دار بوده است (مرتع 47/1 و دیمزار 74/0 درصد). مقدار فسفر فقط در منطقه ماموخ بین مرتع با 94 میلی‌گرم‌برگیلوگرم و دیمزار رها شده با 234 میلی‌گرم‌برگیلوگرم دارای تفاوت معنی‌داری بود. پتاسیم خاک فقط در منطقه سراب‌قامیش به صورت معنی‌داری در دیمزار رها شده 7/24 درصد بیشتر از مرتع بوده است. نتیجه‌گیری نتایج این پژوهش بیانگر آن است که تغییر کاربری اراضی از مرتع به دیمزار و سپس رها شدن آنها در برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک تغییر ایجاد خواهد کرد. بعد از گذشت حدود 40 سال از رها شدن دیمزارها، در اکثر فاکتورهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی مورد بررسی این تحقیق بهبود حاصل شده است. در این تحقیق بازه زمانی 40 سال در نظر گرفته شده، از اینرو پیشنهاد می‌شود در تحقیقات آتی بازه‌های زمانی متفاوت‌تری در توالی ثانویه در نظر گرفته شود تا به طور دقیق‌تر مشخص شود خاک در چه بازه زمانی می‌تواند بهبود پیدا کند. همچنین در سایر مناطق اکولوژیک با شرایط متفاوت، تحقیقات مشابهی صورت گیرد تا اثر عوامل اقلیمی و توپوگرافی نیز به طور واضح‌تر مشخص شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| تغییر کاربری اراضی؛ مرتع؛ دیمزار؛ کیفیت خاک؛ استان کردستان | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigation of some physical and chemical properties of soil in rangelands and abandoned drylands (Case study: Sanandaj rangelands) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Parviz Karami1؛ Fariba Nemati2 | ||
| 1Assistant professor, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran | ||
| 2Graduated in Range Management Engineering, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives The growth of the population and the increase in food needs have caused humankind to turn to manipulating nature and converting natural lands into crops, especially rainfed agriculture, to provide the food they need. For various reasons, a large part of these lands is abandoned every year, which causes many changes in the physical and chemical properties of the soil. This research aimed to compare the most important physical and chemical characteristics of soil in two land uses, including rangeland and abandoned rainfed in Kurdistan province. Methodology This research was carried out in Kurdistan province. For this purpose, four regions, including Kilak, SalavatAbad, SarabQamish, and Mamukh, were selected in Sanandaj city. In each region, two neighboring rangelands and abandoned drylands were selected. Three 100-meter transects were established in each land use by random-systematic method, and soil samples were collected from 0-30 cm depth. Depending on the conditions and area of the region, 20 composite samples were taken in Kilak, 20 Salavat Abad, 14 Sarab Qamish, and 8 Mamukh. Half of the samples were collected in rangeland, and the other half in abandoned dryland. In the laboratory, soil physical and chemical factors, including acidity, electrical conductivity, absorbable potassium, percentage of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil texture, and bulk density, were measured by usual laboratory methods. A factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design to analyze the data. The Duncan test was used to compare the means. Results The results showed no significant difference in the percentage of clay, silt, sand, and specific mass in the comparison of rangelands in four regions, the comparison of abandoned dryland in the four regions, and the comparison of abandoned dryland in each region. The comparison of the average acidity of abandoned rangeland and dryland did not show any significant difference in any region. Electrical conductivity in Kilak, Salavat Abad, and Sarab Qamish areas was higher than in dryland. However, only in Kilak was there a statistically significant difference. The electrical conductivity of rangeland soil was 143; in abandoned wetlands, it was 109. The comparison of abandoned rangelands and drylands in terms of total nitrogen and carbon numerical values showed that rangelands were more than abandoned drylands in all areas. This meant that nitrogen was 24%, 40%, and 42.8% higher in the Kilak, Sarab Qamish, and Mamukh regions. And statistically, their difference was significant. Also, the carbon difference between the rangeland and the dryland in Mamukh was statistically significant (1.47% in the rangeland and 0.74% in the dryland). There was a significant difference in the amount of phosphorus between the rangeland, 94 mg/kg, and the abandoned dryland, with 234 mg/kg only in the Mamukh region. Only in the Sarab Qamish area was soil potassium higher than in the rangeland by 24.7% in the abandoned dryland. Comparing rangelands and abandoned drylands in terms of the numerical amount of total nitrogen and carbon, it can be concluded that in all areas, the rangeland was more than the abandoned drylands, so that nitrogen in Kilak, Sarab-Qamish and Mamukh regions was 24, 40, respectively, and 42.8% more, their difference was statistically significant and also the carbon difference in Mamukh was statistically significant (rangeland 1.47% and dryland 0.74%). There was a significant difference in phosphorus between rangeland, 94 mg/kg, and abandoned dryland, 234 mg/kg only in the Mamukh area. There was a significant increase in soil potassium in abandoned drylands by 24.7% over rangeland soil in the Sarab-Qamish region. Conclusion This research indicates that the change of land use from rangeland to dryland and then abandonment will change the soil's physical and chemical properties. After about 40 years since the drylands were abandoned, there has been an improvement in most of the physical and chemical factors investigated in this research. In this research, 40 years have been considered. It is suggested to consider different periods in the secondary sequence in future research. This will enable us to determine more precisely when the soil can improve. Also, similar research should be done in other ecological regions with different conditions so that the effect of climatic and topographical factors can be clearly defined. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Land use change, rangeland, abandoned dryland, soil quality, Kurdistan province | ||
| مراجع | ||
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