اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات284
تعداد نشریات سازمان82
تعداد شماره‌ها3,051
تعداد مقالات34,085
تعداد مشاهده مقاله46,573,375
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله77,618,443
اسدی کنگرشاهی, علی, اخلاقی امیری, نگین. (1402). مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن در باغ‌های مرکبات. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 11(2), 209-228. doi: 10.22092/lmj.2023.362505.333
علی اسدی کنگرشاهی; نگین اخلاقی امیری. "مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن در باغ‌های مرکبات". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 11, 2, 1402, 209-228. doi: 10.22092/lmj.2023.362505.333
اسدی کنگرشاهی, علی, اخلاقی امیری, نگین. (1402). 'مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن در باغ‌های مرکبات', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 11(2), pp. 209-228. doi: 10.22092/lmj.2023.362505.333
اسدی کنگرشاهی, علی, اخلاقی امیری, نگین. مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن در باغ‌های مرکبات. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1402; 11(2): 209-228. doi: 10.22092/lmj.2023.362505.333

مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن در باغ‌های مرکبات

مدیریت اراضی
مقاله 6، دوره 11، شماره 2، دی 1402، صفحه 209-228    اصل مقاله (932.15 K)
نوع مقاله: مروری
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/lmj.2023.362505.333
نویسندگان
علی اسدی کنگرشاهی* 1؛ نگین اخلاقی امیری2
1دانشیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران
2استادیار بخش علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی
چکیده
هدف از این بررسی، ارزیابی مدیریت کوددهی نیتروژن برای درختان مرکبات بود. این ارزیابی می­تواند به شناخت بهتر نیاز نیتروژنی، مقدار کوددهی، زمان مناسب کوددهی، روند جذب و ذخیره­سازی نیتروژن در این درختان  منجر شود که در بهینه­سازی توصیه‌های کودی نیتروژن بسیار مؤثر است. به طور میانگین در درختان یک باغ بارده یک هکتاری مرکبات حدود 500 تا 1000 کیلوگرم نیتروژن وجود دارد که حدود 40 تا 50 درصد آن در برگ­های این درختان می­باشد و به طور میانگین  15 تا 20 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در سال در ساختار اسکلتی این درختان رسوب و ذخیره می­شود. بر اساس این نتایج و بر اساس بررسی بلندمدت آزمایش­های کوددهی با مرکبات در ایران و سایر نقاط مختلف جهان برای پایداری تولید، بهبود عملکرد و کیفیت میوه، رشد مناسب و سلامت درختان مصرف حدود 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار در سال نیاز است که حدود 30 تا 50 از این نیتروژن مصرفی در تولید میوه­ها مشارکت دارد، حدود یک دهم آن در ساختار درختان رسوب و ذخیره می­شود و تعادل بین نیتروژن مصرفی و جذب شده توسط درختان با شستشوی نیتروژن از پروفیل خاک و تلفات گازی نیتروژن ایجاد می­شود. نتایج آزمایش با کودهای نشاندار (15N) نشان داد که بیشترین راندمان جذب نیتروژن در درختان مرکبات از تشکیل میوه تا بلوغ میوه رخ می‌دهد و پس از برداشت و به ویژه در زمان حداقل فعالیت (زمستان) و اوایل فصل رشد راندمان جذب بسیار کم است. بنابراین در زمانی که جذب نیتروژن از خاک هنوز بسیار کم است ذخیره نیتروژنی در بافت‌های قدیمی‌تر، بیشترین نقش در رشد و توسعه برگ‌ها، سرشاخه­ها، گل­ها و میوه­ چه ­ها در اوایل فصل رشد (شروع رشد سرشاخه ­ها، گلدهی و تشکیل میوه) دارند. همچنین نیتروژن موجود در مواد آلی خاک حدود 1000 تا 2000 کیلوگرم در هکتار در باغ­های با یک تا دو درصد ماده آلی است این نیتروژن موجود در مواد آلی خاک و نیتروژن ذخیره درختان نقش مهمی در تنظیم عرضه نیتروژن به اندام­های جدید در حال رشد و توسعه، به ویژه در شروع فصل رشد دارند. بنابراین هدف از کوددهی نیتروژن تضمین پایداری تولید، رشد مناسب درختان و بهبود عملکرد و کیفیت میوه است و کوددهی خاکی قبل از گلدهی و تشکیل میوه تاثیری در رشد سرشاخه­های بهاره، گلدهی و تشکیل میوه در سال جاری ندارد. لذا توصیه می‌شود که باغ‌داران، کوددهی قبل از گلدهی و تشکیل میوه را با حداکثر 10 الی 15 درصد نیاز سالانه درختان شروع نمایند و به تدریج، مقدار مصرف (درصدی از نیاز سالانه) را متناسب با فنولوژی رشد میوه افزایش داده و در اواسط مرحله اول تا اوایل مرحله دوم رشد میوه به حداکثر مقدار مصرف ارتقا داده شود. سپس در اواسط مرحله دوم رشد میوه (با توجه به رقم) مصرف نیتروژن متوقف یا به حداقل مقدار کاهش داده شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
تعادل نیتروژن؛ تغذیه نیتروژن؛ نیاز نیتروژن؛ نیتروژن ذخیره
عنوان مقاله [English]
Management of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application in Citrus Orchards
نویسندگان [English]
Ali Asadi kangarshahi1؛ Negin Akhlaghi Amiri2
1Assistant professor, Soil and Water Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultuarl and Nutural Resources Research and Education
2Agronomy and Horticultural Science Department, Mazandaran Agricultuarl and Nutural Resources Research and Education
چکیده [English]
Management of nitrogen fertilizer application for citrus trees was evaluated to obtain an enlightened understanding of plant nitrogen requirements, amount of fertilization needed, appropriate fertilization timing, and nitrogen uptake and storage in these plants. The knowledge thus obtained could be effectively exploited toward formulating recommendations that ensure optimized nitrogen fertilization. Mature citrus trees reportedly contain 500 to 1000 kg N/ha, 40 to 50 percent of which belongs in the leaves and fruits while only 15 to 20 kg N is deposited in their skeletal structure. These findings and the long-term survey of citrus fertilization experiments in Iran and elsewhere indicate that annual application of 200 kg N/ha seems sufficient for stable fruit production, improved fruit yield and quality, and proper tree growth and health. Moreover, it is found that 30-50% of this amount of N application will be incorporated into the fruits while about one tenth will be deposited and stored in the tree, with the balance between nitrogen uptake and consumption by the tree being secured by N leaching from the soil profile and lost as gas into the air. The results of an experiment with labeled fertilizers (15N) showed that the highest N-uptake rate in citrus trees occurred during the period from fruit set to fruit maturity and, further, that N uptake was very low during the post-harvest period, especially during minimum tree activity (winter) and the beginning of the growing season. This indicates that nitrogen storage in older tissues plays the greatest role in the growth and development of leaves, branches, flowers, and fruits at the beginning of the growing season when N uptake from the soil is still very low (i.e., when branches and flowers begin to sprout and fruits are in the form). It has also been reported that the nitrogen present in soil organic matter ranges from 1000 to 2000 kg/ha in orchard soils containing 1 to 2% O.M. and that both the soil nitrogen content and that stored in the tree bodies play important roles in regulating the supply of nitrogen to new organs (i.e., leaves, blooms, and fruitlets), especially in the beginning of the growing season. It follows that the purpose behind N fertilization should be to ensure stable production, proper tree growth, and improved fruit yield and quality such that soil application of fertilizers before the flowering and fruit set stages have no effects on the growth of spring buds or flowering and fruit setting in the current year. Producers are, therefore, recommended to start fertilizer application with a maximum of 10-15% of the annual plant requirement during the period prior to flowering and fruit setting, gradually increase application rate (by some percentage of the annual requirement) as determined by the phenology of fruit growth, and increase it to its maximum rate by the middle of the first stage up to the early second stage of fruit growth. Then, in the middle of the second stage of fruit growth, nitrogen rate should be reduced to its minimum or stopped altogether (depending on plant variety).
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
N balance, N nutrition, N requirement, N storage
مراجع
  1. Akao, S., Kubota, S., and Hayashida, M., 1978. Utilization of reserve nitrogen, especially autumn nitrogen by Satsuma mandarin trees during the development of spring shoots. Journal Japanese Society of Horticultural Science, 47: 31-38.
  2. Akhlaghi Amiri, N., and Asadi Kangarshahi, A., 2015. Possibility of reducing Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) fruit puffing in East of Mazandaran, Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 46(4), 590-600. (in Persian).
  3. Ali, A.G., and Lovatt, C.J., (1995. Relationship of polyamines to low-temperature stress-induced flowering of the Washington navel orange. Journal Horticultural Science. 70: 491-498.
  4. Alva, A K., Paramasivam S., Obreza, T.A., and Schumann, A.W., 2006. Nitrogen best management practice for citrus trees. I. Fruit yield, quality, and leaf nutritional status. Sci. Hort. 107: 233-244.
  5. Alva, A.K., and Paramasivam, S., 1998. Nitrogen management for high yield and quality of citrus in sandy soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62: 1335-1342.
  6. Alva, A.K., Paramasivam, S., and Graham, W.D., 1998. Impact of nitrogen management practices on nutritional status and yield of Valencia orange trees and groundwater nitrate. J. Environ. Qual. 27: 904-910.
  7. Alva, A.K., Paramasivam, S., Graham, W., and Wheaton, T.A., 2003. Best nitrogen and irrigation management practices for citrus production in sandy soils. Water. Air. Soil. Pollut. 143: 139-154.
  8. Asadi Kangarshahi, A., and Akhlaghi Amiri, N., 2014 a. Advanced and Applied Citrus Nutrition. Agricultural Extension and Education Publications. (in Persian)
  9. Asadi Kangarshahi, A., and Akhlaghi Amiri, N., 2014 b. Advanced and Applied Citrus Nutrition. Agricultural Extension and Education Publications. (in Persian)
  10. Asadi Kangarshahi, A., and Akhlaghi Amiri, N., 2021. Effect of urea spray accordance with growth phenology on yield and alternate bearing of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 52(1), 99-111. (in Persian)
  11. Asadi Kangarshahi, A., and Akhlahghi Amiri, N., 2014. Management of Nitrogen consumption and alternate bearing in citrus trees. Iranian Journal of Achievements in Agricultural Science. 1(2): 95-104. (in Persian)
  12. Asadi Kangarshahi, A., Savaghabi, G.R., and Akhlaghi Amiri, N., 2011. Alleviation of alternate bearing in Satsuma mandarin by use of nitrogen managment and pruning in the east of Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 42(3): 225-217. (in Persian)
  13. Asadi Kangarshahi, A., 2019. Nutition Management of Citrus Trees (1th ed). Agricultural Extension and Education Publications. (in Persian)
  14. Asadi Kangarshahi, A., 2018. Effect of Nitrogen Application Management in Different Phonological Stages on Yield and Alternate Bearing of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu). Soil Research, 33(3): Pages 335-321. (in Persian)
  15. Asadi Kangarshahi, A., et al., 2016. Guidelines for integrated soil fertility and plant nutrition management of citrus trees in the north and south of the country. Soil and Water Research Institute. Karaj. Iran. (in Persian)
  16. Bingham, F. T., Davis, Y., and Shade, E., 1971. Water relations, salt balance and nitrate leaching losses of a 960 acre citrus watershed. Soil Sci. 112: 410-418.
  17. Bowman, B.J., 1996. Fertigation versus conventional fertilization of flatwoods grapefruit. Fert. Res. 44: 123-128.
  18. Bondada, B.R., Syvertsen, J.P., and Albrigo, L.G., 2001. Urea nitrogen uptake by citrus leaves. HortScience.36: 1061-1065.
  19. Carranca, C., Brunetto, G., and Tagliavini, M., 2018. Nitrogen nutrition of fruit trees to reconcile productivity and environmental concerns. Plants. 7: 2-12.
  20. Cary, P. R., and Weerts, P. C. J., 1977. Crop management factors affecting growth, yield and fruit composition of citrus. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture I, 39-43. Dasberg, S. 1987. Nitrogen fertilization in citrus orchad. Plant and Soil. 100: 1-9.
  21. Cheng, L., Dong, S., and Fuchigami, L.A., 2002. Urea uptake and nitrogen mobilization by apple leaves in relation to tree nitrogen status in autumn. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 77: 13-18
  22. Corona, J.C., 1994. Relationship of polyamines to fruit set and growth of the Washington navel orange. MS thesis, University of California Riverside.
  23. Cox, J.D., Syvertsen, J.P., and Graetz, D.A., 2001. Nitrogen uptake, partitioning and leaching losses from young bearing citrus trees of different nitrogen status. Journal of the Amrican Society of Horticultural Science. 126: 242-251.
  24. Dasberg, S., 1978. Nitrogen balance in a citrus grove. Hassadeh. 58: 874-877. (Hebrew, with English
  25. Dasberg, S., Bielorai, H., and Erner, Y., 1983. Nitrogen fertigation of Shamouti oranges. Plant and Soil. 75: 41-51.
  26. Dasberg, S., Erner, Y., and Bielorai, H., 1984. Nitrogen balance in a citrus orchard. J. Environ. Qual. 13: 353-356.
  27. Dasberg, S., Bar-Akiva, A., Spazisky, S., and Cohen, A., 1988. Fertigation versus broadcasting in an orange grove. Fert.Res.15: 147-154.
  28. Dong, S., Cheng, L., Scagel, C.F., and Fuchigami, L.H., 2002. Nitrogen absorption, translocation and distribution from urea applied in autumn to leaves of young potted apple trees. Tree Physiology. 22: 1305-1310.
  29. Duplessis, S. F., 1977. Soil analysis as a necessary complement to leaf analysis for fertilizer advisory purposes. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture. 1: 15-20.
  30. Embleton, T. W., Reitz, H. J., and Jones, W. W., 1973. Citrus fertilization. In The Citrus Industry. Ed. W Reuther. 3: 122-181.
  31. Embleton, T.W., and Jones, W.W., 1978. Nitrogen fertilizer management programs, nitrate pollution potentials and orange productivity. In Nitrogen in the Environment. Eds. D R Nielsen and T G MacDonald. 1,275-297, Academic Press, New York.
  32. Embleton, T.W., Pallares, C.O., Jones, W.W., summers, L.L., and Matsumura, M., 1981. Nitrogen fertilizer management of vigorous lemons and nitrate pollution potential of ground water. Calif. Water Res. Center, Univ. of California Contr. 182: 1-30.
  33. Feigenbaum S., Bielorai, H., Erner, Y., and Dasberg, S., 1986. The fate of 15N labeled nitrogen applied to mature citrus trees. Plant and Soil. 97: 179-187.
  34. Feller, U., 1990. Nitrogen remobilization and protein degradation during senescence. P. 195-222. In: Y.P. Abrol (Eds.). Nitrogen in higher plants. Research Studies Press, Somerset England.
  35. Goldschmidth, E.E. 2005. Regulatory aspects of alternate bearing in fruit tree. Italus 12: 11-17.
  36. Groot, C.C., van den Boogaard, R., Marcelis, L.F.M., Harbinson, J., Lamber, H., 2003. Contrasting effects of N and P deprivation on the regulation of photosynthesis in tomato plants in relation to feedback limitation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54: 1957–1967.

37.  Hosseini, Y., Rezazadeh, R., 2014. Investigation of Reducing Alternative Bearing in Siaho Mandarin by Changing Time of Nitrogen Foliar Applications and Harvest Time in Haji Abad (Hormozgan). Soil Research, 29(4): Pages 395-406. (in Persian)

  1. Hamid, G.A., VanGundy, S.D., and Lovatt, C.J. 1988. Phenologies of the citrus nematode and citrus roots treated with oxamyl. In: Proceeding of the 6th International Citrus Congress. 2: 993-1004.
  2. Iwakiri, T., and Nakahara, M., 1981. Nitrogen fertilization programs in Satsuma mandarin groves in Japan. Proceeding of the International Society of Citriculture. 2: 571-574.
  3. Johnson, R.S., Rosecrance, R., Weinbaum, S., Andris, H., and Wang, J., 2001. Can we approach complete dependence on foliar applied urea nitrogen in an early- matering peach. J. Amer. Hort. Sci. 126: 364-370.
  4. Karam-Najad, F, Maalemi, N., and creative, A., 2017. The effect of amount and time of urea application on yield and biological characteristics of Kino tangerine trees. Journal of Horticultural Sciences and Techniques. 3 (19): 380-365. (in Persian)
  5. Kato, F., Kubota, S., and Tsukahava, S., 1981. N absorption and translocation in Satsuma mandarin trees uptake and distribution of nitrogen supplied in summer. Agricultural Experiment Station of Japan, 36: 1-6.
  6. Legaz, F., Serna, M.D., and Primo, E., 1995. Mobilization of the reserve N in citrus. Plant and Soil, 173: 205-210.
  7. Legaz, F., Rimo-Millo, E., Primo-Yufero, E., Gill, C., and Rubio, L., 1982. Nitrogen fertilization in citrus. I. absorption and distribution of nitrogen in calamondin trees during flowering, fruit set and initial fruit development periods. Plant and Soil. 66: 339-351.
  8. Li, J., Zhang, J., and Rao, M., 2004. Wetting patterns and nitrogen distributions as affected by fertigation strategies from a surface point source. Agri. Water. Mgmt. 67: 9–104.
  9. Lovatt, C.J., 1999. Timing citrus and avocado foliar nutrient application to increase fruit set and size. Hortechnology. 9: 607-612.
  10. Lovatt, C.J., Sagee, O., and Ali, A.G., 1992. Ammonia and its metabolites influence flowering, fruit set and yield of Washington Navel orange. In: Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture. 1: 412-416.
  11. Lovatt, C.J., Zheng, Y., and Hake, K.D., 1988a. Demonstration of a change in nitrogen metabolism influencing flower initiation in citrus. Israel Botanists. 37: 181-188.
  12. Lovatt, C.J., Zheng, Y., and Hake, K.D., 1988b. A new look at the Kraus-Kraybill hypothesis and flowering of citrus. In: 6th International Citrus Congress. 1: 475-483.
  13. Mengel, K., 1992. Nitrogen: Agricultural productivity and environmental problems. P. 2-15. In: K. Mengel and D.J. Pilbeam (Eds.). Nitrogen metabolism of plants. Oxford Press, New York.
  14. Mengel, K., and Kirkby, E.A., 1987. Principles of plant nutrition. 4th International Potash Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
  15. Millard, P., 1995. Internal cycling of nitrogen in trees. Acta Hortic. 383: 3-14.
  16. Okada, M., 2004. Effectiveness of reserved nutrients for estimating productivity of Satsuma mandarin. Journal Japanese Society of Horticultural Science. 73: 163-170.
  17. Martinez, B., Quinones, A., Forner, M., Igesias, J., Primo-millo, E., Legaz, F., 2012. Impact fertilizer-water management on nitrogen use efficiency and potential nitrate leaching in citrus trees. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 58: 659-669.
  18. Moreno, J., and Garcia-Martinez, L., 1984. Nitrogen accumulation and mobilization in citrus leaves throughout the annual cycle. Physiol. Plant. 61: 429-434.
  19. Morgan, K.T., Wheaton, T.A., and Castle, W.S., 2009. Response of young and maturing citrus trees grown on a sandy soil to irrigation scheduling, nitrogen, fertilizer rate, and nitrogen application method. Hort. Sci. 44:145-150.
  20. Mozhar, M. S., Anwar, R., and Maqbool, M., 2007. A review of alternate bearing in citrus. In: Proceedings International Symposium on Prospects of Horticultural Industry in Pakistan, 143-149.
  21. Quiñones, A., Bañuls, J., Primo-Millo, E., and Legaz, F., 2005. Recovery of the 15N-labelled fertilizer in citrus trees relation with timing of application and irrigation system. Pl. Soil. 268: 367-376.
  22. Quiñones, A., Martínez-Alcántara, B., and Legaz, F., 2007. Influence of irrigation system and fertilization management on seasonal distribution of N in the soil profile and on N-uptake by citrus trees. Agri. Ecosyst. Environ. 122:399-409.
  23. Quaggio, J.A., Souza, T.R., Zambrosi, F.C.B., Mattos, D., Boaretto, R.M., Silva, G., 2019. Citrus fruit yield response to nitrogen and potassium fertilization depends on nutrient-water management system. Hortic. Res. 249, 329–333.
  24. Rosecrance, R., Weinbaum, S.A., and Brown, P.H., 1998. Alternate bearing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and starch storage pools in mature pistachio trees. 82: 463-470.
  25. Rufat, J., and Dejong, T.M., 2001. Estimating seasonal nitrogen dynamics in peach trees in response to nitrogen availability. Tree Physiology. 21: 1113-1140.
  26. Reuther, W., Smith, P. F., Scudder, G. K., and Hrnciar, G., 1957. Response of Valencia orange trees to timing, rates and ratios of nitrogen fertilization. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 70: 223-230.
  27. Sagee, O., and Lovatt, C.J., 1991. Putrescine concentration parallels ammonia and arginine metabolism in developing flowers of Washington navel orange. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 116: 280-285.
  28. Sanchez, E.E., 1990. Nitrogen dynamics in field-grown “Comice” Ph.D Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
  29. Sanchez, E.E., Weinbaum, S.A., and Johnson, R.S., 2006. Comparative movement of labelled nitrogen and zinc in peach trees following late-season foliar application. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 81: 839-844.
  30. Sanchez, E.E., Rigetti, T.L., Sugar, D., and Lombard, P.B., 1992. Effects of timing of nitrogen application on nitrogen partitioning between vegetative, reproductive and structural components of mature “Comice” pears. J. Hort. Sci.
  31. Sanchez, E.E., Khemira, H., Sugar, D., and Righetti, T.L., 1995. Nitrogen management in orchards. P. 327-380. In: P.E. Bacon (ed). Nitrogen fertition in the environment. Marcel Dekher, Newyork.
  32. Sanchez, E.E., Weinbaum, S.A., and Johnson, R.S., 2006. Comparative movement of labelled nitrogen and zinc in peach trees following late-season foliar application. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 81: 839-844.
  33. Scholberg, J.M.S., Parsons, L.R., Wheaton, T.A., McNeal, B.L., and Morgan, K.T., 2002. Soil temperature, nitrogen concentration and residence time affect nitrogen uptake efficiency in citrus. J. Environ. Qual., 31, 759-768.
  34. Shear, C.B., and Faust, M., 1980. Nutritional ranges in deciduous tree fruit and nuts. Horticultural Reviews. 2: 142-163.
  35. Shirgure, P.S., and. Srivastava, A.K., 2013. Nutrient- water interaction in citrus. Agricultural Advances. 2: 224-136.
  36. Smith, P. F., 1971. Effects of time and application of Nand K and of N rate on performance of nucellar Valencia orange trees on two stocks. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96: 568-571.
  37. Srivastava, A.K., and Singh, S., 2003. Citrus nutrition. International Book Distributing Co. (IBDC). India.
  38. Stevenson, F.J. 1982. Origin and distribution of nitrogen in soils. In Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils. Ed. F J Stevenson. Agron. 22, 1-43. ASA, Madison, WI.
  39. Sugar, D., Righetti, T.L., Sanchez, E.E., and Khemira, H., 1992. Management of nitrogen and calcium in pear trees for enhancement of fruit resistance to postharvest decay. HortTech. 2: 282-287.
  40. Syvertsen, J.P. and Smith, M.L., 1996. Nitrogen uptake efficiency and leaching losses from lysimeter-grown citrus treesfertilized at three nitrogen rates. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 121: 57-62.
  41. Tachibana, S., and Yahataa, S., 1996. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer application for a high density planting of Satsuma mandarin. Journal of Japanese Society Horticultural Science. 65: 471-477.
  42. Tadayon, M., and Hosseini, S., 2020. Effect of spread and shallow irrigation wetted area and application of organic mulch on citrus decline amelioration. Advances in Horticultural Science. 34: 213-221.
  43. Tagliavini, M., Millard, P., and Quartieri, M., 1998. Storage of foliar absorbed nitrogen and remobilization for spring growth in young nectarine trees. Tree Physiol. 18: 203-207.
  44. Thimann, K.V., 1980. The senescence of leaves. p. 85-115. In: Thimann (ed.), Senescence in plants. CRC Press, Bota Raton, FL.
  45. Titus, J.S., Kang, S., 1982. Nitrogen metabolism, translocation and recycling trees. Hortic. Rev. 4: 204-245.
  46. Tukey, R.B., 1985. Crop potential. Its development and protection. In: Pollination and Fruit Set. Shortcourse Proc. The Goodfruit Grower (ed). pp. 19-35.
  47. Turkals, M., Inal, B., Okay, S., Eekilic, E.G., Dundar, E., Hernandez, P., Doredo, G., and Unver, T., 2013. Nutrition metabolism plays an important role in the alternate bearing of olive tree. PLOS ONE. 8:1-15.
  48. Wallace, A., Zidan, Z. I., Mueller, R. T., and C. P. North. 1954. Translocation of nitrogen in citrus trees. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 64: 87-105.
  49. Wojcik, P., 2006. Effect of postharvest spray of boron and urea on yield and fruit quality of apple trees. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 29: 441-450.
  50. Xiong, H., Ma, H., Hu, B., Zhao, H., Wang, J., Rennenberg, H., Shi, X., Zhang, Y., 2021. Nitrogen fertilization stimulates nitrogen assimilation and modifies nitrogen partitioning in the spring shoot leaves of citrus trees. Journal of Plant Physiology. 267: 1-11.
  51. Zubair, M., Banday, F.A., Baha, J.A., Rehman, M.V., Hussain, S.S., & Waida, U.I., 2017. Impact of foliar application of urea on fruit set, return bloom and growth of apple cv. Red delicious. Int. J. Curr. Microbial. App. Sci.6: 2123-2130.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 366
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 423


counter
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب