| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,053 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,125 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 46,697,280 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 77,701,243 |
زیست شناسی و خسارت شب پره آسیایی گردو، Garella musculana (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) ، آفت مهم گردو در کشمیر هیمالیا | ||
| نامه انجمن حشره شناسی ایران | ||
| دوره 43، شماره 2، تیر 1402، صفحه 123-134 اصل مقاله (1.05 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله کامل، انگلیسی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.61186/jesi.43.2.4 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سجاد احمد خان* 1؛ عنایت الله لونه1؛ صدام حسین ملیک1؛ سانجای بهاتیا2؛ دین مود بهات* 3 | ||
| 1آزمایشگاه تنوع زیستی و اکولوژی حشرات ، دانشکده علوم زیستی و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشگاه باباغلام شاه بدشاه،راجوری، جامو و کشمیر،هند | ||
| 2گروه جانورشناسی، دانشکده علوم زیستی و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشگاه باباغلام شاه بدشاه، راجوری، جامو و کشمیر، هند | ||
| 3گروه جانورشناسی، دانشکده دولتی بانوان ، جامو و کشمیر ، هند | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در طول دو دهه گذشته، خسارت شب پره آسیایی گردو، Garella musculana (Erschoff, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) در اوراسیا افزایش یافته و آسیب‌های فراوانی روی گردو Juglans regia ایجاد کرده است. لارو آفت، آسیب زیادی به میوه جوان و شاخه درختان کشت شده و طبیعی گردو (J. regia ) وارد می‌کند. لاروها از نیمه اردیبهشت تا نیمه مرداد ماه در حال فعالیت و تغذیه از میوه دیده می‌شوند. در اواخر مرداد ماه، لاروها با خروج از میوه وارد مرحله شفیرگی شده تا چرخه زندگی را در سال آینده ادامه دهند. محل تشکیل شفیره، زیر پوستک‌ها و در داخل شکاف درختان گردو، درون پیله‌های سفید می‌باشد. در این مطالعه، چرخه زندگی و میزان خسارت آفت، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. لارو آفت، پنج سن لاروی داشت و حدود 26/2 ± 1/67 روز طول کشید. مرحله شفیرگی در پیله‌ای سفید و متراکم تشکیل شده که زمستان گذرانی می‌کند و پس از مساعد شدن هوا در بهار، حشرات بالغ ظاهر می‌شوند. میانگین مدت زندگی حشره، 45/4 ± 5/297 روز بود. حشره، تک نسلی است و لارو آن از پریکارپ گردوی جوان تغذیه می‌کند که در نتیجه، ظاهر میوه، تغییر شکل یافته و بدین ترتیب، فعالیت آفت باعث کاهش عملکرد قابل توجهی در اوایل پاییز می‌شود. برجای ماندن فضولات لارو روی پوسته، منجر به افت کیفیت گردو و در نتیجه کاهش ارزش اقتصادی آن می‌شود. شناخت چرخه زندگی حشرات آفت، در طراحی استراتژی مدیریت، بسیار مهم است. در این خصوص، گزینه های مدیریت این آفت، محدود است زیرا لاروهای خسارت‌زای آفت، زندگی مخفی در پوسته میوه دارند. از نکات مهم در مدیریت این آفت، زمان ظهور حشرات بالغ و تخم گذاری آنهاست. کاربرد دشمنان طبیعی به عنوان رویکردی سازگار با محیط زیست تحت عنوان کنترل زیستی، به عنوان روشی مناسب جهت استفاده در مدیریت این آفت در این منطقه خاص را تسهیل می‌کند. همچنین ترویج توسعه ارقام جدید گردو با بازده بالقوه بالا و پوشش مقاوم تر میوه در باغات گردو تازه کاشته شده نیز حائز اهمیت است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| شب پره آسیایی گردو؛ مدیریت آفت؛ چرخه زندگی؛ پرورش؛ گردو | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Biology and damage of Asian walnut moth, Garella musculana (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), a major insect pest of Juglans regia in Kashmir Himalaya | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Sajad Ahmad Khan1؛ Inayat Ullah Lone1؛ Saddam Hussain Malik1؛ Sanjay Bhatia2؛ Deen Mohad Bhat3 | ||
| 1Insect Diversity and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri-185234, J&K, India | ||
| 2Department of Zoology, University of Jammu-180006, J&K India | ||
| 3Department of Zoology, Govt Womens College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Over past two decades, Garella musculana (Erschoff, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) has surged as a prominent pest in Eurasia infesting Juglans regia. Its caterpillar causes an extensive damage to young fruits and shoots of natural and cultivated varieties of J. regia. The larval instars were seen feeding on nuts from May to August. In August, they start leaving nuts for pupation to continue life cycle next year. The pupation took place inside the loose bark or crevices of walnut trees in white cocoons. In this study life cycle and extent of damage was studied. The larva goes through five growth stages (instars) and lasts for about 67.1±2.26 days. It overwinters in the pupal stage in a white dense cocoon and then emerges in spring as adult when environment becomes favourable. The mean generation time was 297.5±4.45 days. It is univoltine in nature and its larva consumes young walnut pericarp resulting in deformed nuts and there early fall leading to substantial yield loses. The deposition of excrement by larva of G. musculana on the outer green thick layer (husk) degrades its quality and thereby reduces the economic value of the walnut. Knowledge of life-history is crucial for the design of management strategies. The management possibilities of this pest are limited as the feeding destructive larvae are present within the shell or nut. Understanding the life cycle is important to spray timing and effective control. The emergence of the pest and egg laying are important attributes in controlling this pest. Besides natural enemies as eco-friendly approaches acting as bio control agents are encouraged as the most viable alternative for management of this insect pest in this particular area. It is also important to promote the development of new walnut cultivars in newly planted walnut orchards with high potential output and higher shelling percentages. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Keywords: walnut, Asian walnut moth, life cycle, rearing, damage | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abbas, A., Wani, N. A., Ahmad, S. B., Wani, A. R. & Munib, M. (2015) Incidence and relative bioefficacy of different insecticides against Chaetoprocta (Chaeto proctaodata Hewitson) infesting walnut in Kashmir Valley. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 7(9), 212-219. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v7n9p212
Aradhya, M. K., Potter, D., Gao, F. & Simon, C. J. (2007) Molecular phylogeny of Juglans (Juglandaceae): a biogeographic perspective. Tree Genetics and Genomes 3, 363-378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-006-0078-5
Battistia, A., Stastny, M., Netherer, S., Robinet, C., Schopf, A., Roques, A. & Larsson, S. (2005) Expansion of geographic range in the pine processionary moth caused by increased winter temperatures. Ecological Applications 15(6), 2084-2096. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1903
Bayazit, S., Kazan, K., Gulbitti, S., Cevik, V., Ayanoglu, H. & Ergul, A. (2007) AFLP analysis of genetic diversity in low chill requiring walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from Hatay, Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae 111(4), 394-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.11.006
Bernard, A., Lheureux, F. & Dirlewanger, E. (2018) Walnut: Past and future of genetic improvement. Tree Genetics and Genomes 14(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1214-0
Bostanci, C., Yildirim, I., Aydogan, O., Yildiz, Y., Kiss, I. K. & Albas, E. (2021) First report of walnut (Juglans regia) pest Garella musculana in Romania. EPPO Bulletin 51(2), 293-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12753
Bostanci, C., Yildirim, I., Yildiz, Y. & Aydogan, O. (2019) New host walnut species Juglans nigra for Garella musculana. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 7(12), 2133-2136. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i12.2133-2136.2869
Bradshaw, W. E. & Holzapfel, C. M. (2007) Evolution of animal photoperiodism. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 38, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110115
Canıhoş, E., OÖ ztürk, N., Sü tyemez, M., Toker, D. S. & Hazır, A. (2014) Ceviz. Tü rkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu (TUÜBITAK) Tarım, Ormancılık ve Veterinerlik Araştırma Grubu Yayını, 69 s.
Cecilio, A. & Ilharco, F. (1997) The Control of Walnut Aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) In walnut orchards in Portugal. Acta Horticulture 442, 399–406. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.442.64
Chen, M. H. & Dorn, S. (2010) Microsatellites reveal genetic differentiation among populations in an insect species with high genetic variability in dispersal, the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Bulleitin of Entomological Research 100(1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485309006786
Darby, G. (1958) What is a Butterfly. Chicago. Benefic Press 41. https://archive.org/details/whatisbutterfly00darb
Dean, G. J. (1974) Effect of temperature on the cereal aphids Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L) and Macrosiphum avenue (F) (Hem. Aphididae). Bulleiten of Entomological Research 63(3), 401-409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300040888
Degtyareva, V. I. (1964). The main lepidopterous pests of trees and shrubs of the central part of Guissar mountain ridge and Guissar valley. Edition of Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR 241.
Deutsch, C. A., Tewksbury, J. J., Huey, R. B., Sheldon, K. S., Ghalambor. C. K. & Haak, D. C. (2008) Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA, 105(18), 6668–6672. http://doi.org.10.1073/pnas.0709472105
Dharmadhikari, P. R., Ramaseshiah, G. & Achan, P. D. (1985) Survey of Lymantria obfuscata and its natural enemies in India. Entomophaga 30(4), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372346
Dzhaparov, E. B. (1990) Study on biology and ecology of walnut moth (Erschoviella musculana) in walnut forests of Southern Kirzia. Doctoral Thesis, Leningrad Forest Technical Academy, Sankt-Peterburg (RU) (in Russian).
EPPO (2005) Data sheets on quarantine pests Erschoviella musculana, OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 35, 425–428.
EPPO (2020) Juglans nigra EPPO global database. https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/IUGNI
EPPO (2022) EPPO Global database. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. 1https://gd.eppo.int
Erschoff, N. G. (1874) Travels in Turkestan. Volume 2. Zoogeographical investigations. Lepidoptera in Fedschenko, Travels in Turkestan. 2(5): 1-128. (In Russian).
FAOSTAT (2021) Production, Consumption and Trade Statistics. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home
Fibiger, M., Ronkay, L., Steiner, A. & Zilli, A. (2009). Noctuidae Europaeae 11. Pantheinae – Bryophilinae. Entomological Press. Soro, Denmark, 400 p.
Gandev, S. (2007) Budding and grafting of the walnut (Juglans regia L.) and their effectiveness in Bulgaria (Review). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 13(6), 683-689. https://www.agrojournal.org/15/02/-01-09.pdf
Hassankhah, A., Vahdati, K., Rahemi, M., Hassani, D. & Sarikhani, K. S. (2017) Persian walnut phenology: effect of chilling and heat requirements on bud break and flowering date. International Journal of Horticulture Science and Technology 4(2), 259-71. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2018.260944.249
Howe, R. W. (1967) Temperature effects on embryonic development in insects. Annual Review of Entomology 12(1), 15–42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.12.010167.000311
Iwamoto, M., Sato, M., Kono, M., Hirooka, Y., Saka, K., Takeshita, A. & Imaizumi, K. (2000) Walnuts lower serum cholesterol in Japanese men and women. Journal of Nutrition 130(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.9.2407
Jaradat, N. A. (2005) Medical plants utilized in Palestinian folk medicine for treatment of diabetes mellitus and cardiac diseases. Al-Aqsa University Journal (Natural Science Series) 9(1), 1-28.
Jaworski, T. & Hilszczanski, J. (2013) The effect of temperature and humidity changes on insect development and their impact on forest ecosystems in the context of expected climate change. Forest Research Papers 74 (4), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.247/frp-2013-0033
Juroszek, P., Racca, P., Link, S., Farhumand, J. & Kleinhenz, B. (2020) Overview on the review articles published during the past 30 years relating to the potential climate change effects on plant pathogens and crop disease risks. Plant Pathology 69(2), 179-193. http://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13119
Kaileh, M. B., Berghea, W. V., Boonec, E., Essawib, T. & Haegemana, G. (2007) Screening of indigenous Palestinian medicinal plants for potential anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicin activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113(3), 510-516. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.008
Karczmarz, K. (2012) Dynamics of population and bionomics of Panaphis juglandis (Goeze, 1778) (Homoptera, Phyllaphididae) on common walnut (Juglans regia L.) in Lublin’s parks and gardens. Acta Scientiarum Poloronum Hortorum Cultus 11(2), 53–70.
Khan, A. & Kundoo, A. A. (2018) Pests of walnut. Pests and their management; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 605–647.
Khan, S. A., Bhatia, S. & Tripathi, N. (2013) Entomological Studies of Chaetoprocta odata, An Important Pest on Walnut Trees (Juglans regia L.) in Kashmir Valley. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research 2(6), 378-381.
Khan, Z. H., Ramamurthy, V. V., Dar, M. A. & Raina, R. H. (2011) The Asian Walnut Moth Erschoviella musculana Erschoff, 1874 (Nolidae: Lepidoptera). A new pest of walnut for Kashmir valley of J&K, India. Indian Horticulture Journal 1(1), 55-56.
Leslie, C. A. & McGranahan, G. H. (1998) The origin of the walnut. In: Ramos, D.E. (ed), Walnut Production Manual. University of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Publication 3373, 3–7.
Martinez, M. L., Labuckas, D. O., Lamarque, A. L. & Maestri, D .M. (2010) Walnut (Juglans regia L.) genetic resources, chemistry, by-products. Journal of Science and Food Agriculture 90 (12), 1959-1967. http://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4059
Mir, G. M. & Wani, M. A. (2005) Severity of infestation and damage to walnut plantation by important insect pests in Kashmir. International Journal of Plant Protection 33(2), 188-193.
Mohandas, S., Saravanan, Y. & Manjunath, K. (2004) Biological control of Myllocerus subfasciatus Guerin infesting brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) using Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis. Acta Horticulturae 503-508.
OEPP/EPPO, (2005) Data sheet on quarantine pests Erschoviella musculana. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Bulletin 35, 425-428. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin
Orozumbekov, A. & Moore, B. (2007) Overview of forest pests Kyrgyz Republic In: Allard G (ed) Forest health and biosecurity working papers. Forest Resources Development Service, Forestry Deparment, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Working paper FBS 21E Rome, Italy 1-60.
Paunikar, S. (2015) Myllocerus spp., serious pest of tree seedlings in forest nurseries of North Western and Central India. An International Quarterly Journal of Biology and Life Science 3(1), 353-355.
Poggetti, L., Raranciuc, S., Chiaba, C., Vischi, M. & Zandigiacomo, P. (2019) Altitude affects the distribution and abundance of two non-native insect pests of the common walnut. Journal of Applied Entomology 143(5), 527–534. http://doi.org/10.11111/jen.12609
Raja, V., Ahmad, S. I., Irshad, M., Wani, W. A., Siddiqi, W. A. & Shreaz, S. (2017) Anticandidal activity of ethanolic root extract of Juglans regia (L.) Effect on growth, cell morphology and key virulence factors. Journal of Medical Mycology 27(4), 476-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.07.002
Riedl, H., Barnes, M. M. & Davis, C. S. (1979) Walnut pest management: historical perspective and present status. Pest management programs for deciduous tree fruits and nuts. 15-80. https://doi.org/10.1007./978-1-4615-9104-7_2
Salman, M. H. R., Carmelo, P. B., Ahmed, E. L. E. F., Folco, G., Jose, A. H., Mathie, L., Lorenzo, M., Cecile, M., Myron, P. Z., Mohamed, Z. & Andrea B. (2019) Winter temperature predicts prolonged diapauses in pine processionary moth species across their geographic range. PeerJ 7, e6530. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6530
Sangov, R. (2015) Tacikistan ormanlarında önemli lepidopter zararlıları Sarrothripus musculana Ershov ve Hyponomenta malinelusus’nın ekolojileri ve çevreye dost koruma sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi, Orman Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, 220 s., Duşanbe.
Shah, U. N., Mir, J. I., Ahmed, N., Zaid, A., Jan, S., Fazili, K. M. & Wani, S. H. (2017) Bio-techniques for improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits in walnut (Juglan sregia). Advances in Horticultural Science 32(1), 113–135. https://doi.org/10.13128/ahs-21330
Toffolo, E. P., Bernardinelli, I., Stergulc, F. & Battisti, A. (2006) Climate change and expansion of the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, in northern Italy. IUFRO Working Party, Gmunden, Austria.
Vassiliev, I. V. (1912) Oriental leaf beetle Agelastica orientalis Baly and walnut moth Sarrothripus masculana Ersch.–two pests of Turkestan horticulture. Proceedings of the Bureau of Entomology 9.
Wang, Y., Yan, J., Sun, J. R., Shi, W. P., Harwood, J. D. & Monticelli, L. S. (2021) Effects of field simulated warming on feeding behavior of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and host defence system. Entomologia Generalis 41, 567–578. https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2021/1271
Yildiz, Y., Yildirim, I., Bostanci, C. & Aydogan, O. (2018) Erschoviella musculana Erschoff 1874, a new record and a new walnut pest in Turkey. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry 20(2), 296-302.
Zeng, J. P., Ge, F., Su, J. W. & Wang, Y. (2008) The effect of temperature on the diapause and cold hardiness of Dendrolimus tabulaeformis (Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae). European Journal of Entomology 105(4), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2008.080
Zhang, B. W., Xu, L. L., Li, N., Yan, P. C., Jiang, X. H., Woeste, K. E., Lin, K., Renner, S. S., Zhang, D. Y. & Bai, W. N. (2019) Phylogenomics reveals an ancient hybrid origin of the Persian walnut. Molecular Biology and Evolution 36(11), 2451-2461. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz112
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 758 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,202 |
||