1استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
2دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
3دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
چکیده
نقش تغذیه در سلامت جامعه و ارتباط آن با توسعه اقتصادی سبب شده است تا امنیت غذایی در بین اولویتها و اهداف برنامه‌های توسعه هر کشور قرار گیرد. تدوین و طراحی برنامه هدفمند بهمنظور ارتقاء و بهبود وضعیت امنیت غذایی مستلزم شناسایی و سنجش میزان اثرگذاری مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر آن است. ازاین‌رو، در این مطالعه مهمترین مؤلفه‌های اثرگذار بر امنیت غذایی خانوارهای روستایی در استان‌های ایران در دوره زمانی 1385-1398 با استفاده از روش پانل پروبیت کسری مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که متغیرهای ضریب جینی، تورم، مالیات سرانه و بیکاری، اثر منفی و معنی‌دار و متغیرهای درآمد سرانه و توسعه مالی اثر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر امنیت غذایی خانوارهای روستایی در استان‌های کشور داشته است. بهطوریکه با افزایش یک درصدی هریک از این متغیرها شاخص امنیت غذایی به ترتیب به میزان 0/07-، 0/17-، 0/99-، 0/06-، 0/84 و 0/13 درصد تغییر مییابد. با توجه به اثر منفی مالیات سرانه بر امنیت غذایی و تأثیر منفی مالیات بر توزیع درآمد و درآمد در دسترس و همچنین اثر منفی ضریب جینی بر امنیت غذایی و اثر توزیع درآمد بر آن، با بهبود ضریب جینی و افزایش درآمد در دسترس، ارتقاء امنیت غذایی میسر خواهد بود. ازاین‌رو، پیشنهاد می‌شود در راستای بهبود امنیت غذایی، با توجه به اثرگذاری مثبت ضریب توسعه مالی بر امنیت غذایی و همچنین افزایش درآمد در دسترس، دولت با توجه بیشتر به مناطق روستایی و کمتر توسعه‌یافته با اعطای تسهیلات و وام‌های ارزان قیمت و هدفمند، زمینه‌های افزایش سرمایه‌گذاری و درآمد و کاهش بیکاری و فقر را فراهم آورد.
Investigating the Components Affecting Food Security of Rural Households in the Provinces of Iran
Fraction Probit Panel Approach
نویسندگان [English]
S. Yazdani1؛ H. Noroozi2؛ R. Shakeri Bostanabad3
1Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
2PhD in Agricultural Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
3PhD Student in Agricultural Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Abstract Introduction Food security is the most important principle for maintaining the health of society, when affecting various dimensions such as political, economic, social and cultural dimensions. Therefore, it is very important to examine the food security situation and identify the factors affecting it, so that practical policy and support solutions can be provided to improve the nutritional status of the society. Materials and Methods In this study, in order to investigate the factors affecting food security in the provinces of the country, the fractional Probit panel model, which is bounded for the dependent variables, has been used. The boundedness of the dependent variable (the food security index is in the range (1 and 0)), differentiates this model from the common panel data method. The difference of these variables from the point of view of econometrics is that not only do they have a possible outcome, but they include both the outcome of the corner solution and the continuous outcome in the range of zero and one. Results and Discussion According to the obtained results, using the fractional Probit panel approach, the variables of Gini coefficient, per capita tax, unemployment and inflation, have a negative and significant sign, and the variables of per capita income and financial development index have a positive and significant sign. Considering the final effect of the Gini coefficient on food security, it is expected that with an increase of one percent in the Gini coefficient, the food security index will decrease by 0.07 percent. Per capita tax, with a final effect of -0.99, shows that with a one percent decrease in this variable, the food security situation increases by 0.99 percent. Considering the positive and significant effect of financial development on food security, with a one percent increase, the food security index will improve by 0.13 percent. With a one percent increase in per capita income, the food security index increases by 0.84 percent. The sign of the inflation variable in this model is negative and it indicates the decrease in food security due to the increase in inflation. In fact, inflation reduces the availability of food by reducing purchasing power and as a result reduces the level of food security, so according to the results, with a one percent increase in inflation, the food security index will decrease by 0.17 percent. In fact, this result can be expressed as considering that the increase in the general level of prices reduces the available income and purchasing power of households, which reduces the economic access to food and food with higher nutritional value and threatens food security. The effect of the unemployment rate variable on food security is negative, which means that with a one percent decrease in the unemployment rate, the food security index will improve by 0.06 percent. Conclusions Based on the results, considering the final negative effect of the Gini coefficient on food security, it is suggested that the structure of income distribution by the government through implementing targeted and principled policies in line with investment in the provision of facilities and public goods and infrastructure, especially in less developed areas and rural areas should be reviewed and redesigned. The implementation of this policy by increasing the amount of per capita income and more public facilities, in addition to the distribution of income will become more balanced and help to reduce inequalities. Considering the negative effect of per capita tax on food security, it can be said that the effect of indirect tax on food security was greater than the effect of direct tax. In other words, due to the negative impact of indirect taxes on income distribution and its high share in the country's tax revenues, its destructive effect on income distribution has been overcome, and therefore, with the increase of the Gini coefficient and the decrease of available income, the food security situation worsens. Considering the positive and significant effect of financial development on food security, by creating a healthy competitive environment in the banking system and making payment facilities efficient, facilities and credits granted to the economic and production sectors are directed and on the other hand, by using new methods in the financial and capital markets, it will be possible to increase the access of individuals, companies and enterprises to financial tools and facilities in order to improve the performance and level of national production to help improving food security. Also, the results showed that inflation has a negative effect on food security. Inflation, especially high and continuous in Iran's economy, causes uncertainty in investment, lower real interest rates, and more depreciation of capital, which, along with the outflow of capital from the country, in the long term, causes a decrease in food security by reducing the purchasing power of the household. On the other hand, unemployment causes poverty by decreasing the household income, followed by a decrease in food security, which due to the two-way relationship between poverty and the destruction of natural resources leads to problems like soil erosion, water pollution, emission of greenhouse gases and the loss of environmental diversity, which limit production and production resources in the long term, leading to the food security situation to be more endangered.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Food Security, Inflation, Gini Coefficient, Financial Development, Rural Areas
مراجع
Amirzadeh Moradabadi, S., Ziaee, S., Mehrabi Boshrabadi, H. & Kehkha, A. (2020). Effect of agricultural sustainability on food security of urban households in Iran: A spatial analysis at provincial level. Agricultural Economics and Development, 28(2), 25-48. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.30490/aead.2020.262222.1005. [In Persian]
Anriquez, G., Daidone, S. & Mane, E. (2013), Rising food prices and undernourishment: A cross-country inquiry, Food Policy, 38: 190–202. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.02.010
Eskandari-Damaneh, H., Noroozi, H., Taheri-Reykandeh, E., Ghoochani, O. & Cotton, M. (2020). Evaluating rural participation in wetland management: A contingent valuation analysis of the set-aside policy in Iran. Science of The Total Environment. 747, Article 141127. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141127.
Etana, D. & Tolossa, D. (2017). Unemployment and food insecurity in urban Ethiopia. African Development Review, 29(1), 56-68. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12238
Ghanian, M., Mehrab Ghoochani, O., Noroozi, H. & Cotton, M. (2022). Valuing wetland conservation: A contingent valuation analysis among Iranian beneficiaries, Journal for Nature Conservation, 66. Article 126140. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126140.
Hosseini, S.S., Noroozi, H., Pakravan, M.R. & Mehrparvar Hosseini, E. (2016). Effects of agriculture sector producer support estimate and consumer support estimate on food security in Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 47(3), 755-769. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijaedr.2016.60601 [In Persian]
KianiRad, A. & Noroozi, H. (2022). Explanation of factors affecting the natural resources degradation with emphasis on poverty and food security.Agricultural Economics and Development, 29(4), 119-150. doi: 10.30490/aead.2022.355650.1373. [In Persian]
Koizumi, T. (2015). Biofuels and food security, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 829-841. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.041.
Loopstra R. & Tarasuk V. (2013). Severity of household food insecurity is sensitive to change in household income and employment status among low-income families, Journal of Nutrition, 143(8), 1316–1323.Available at: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.175414.
Masters. W.A., Andersson Djurfeldt. A., De Haan. C., Hazell. P., Jayne. T., Jirström. M. & Reardon. T. (2013). Urbanization and farm size in Asia and Africa: Implications for food security and agricultural research, Global Food Security, 2(3), 156-165. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.07.002
Pingali, P. (2007). Westernization of Asian diets and the transformation of food systems: Implications for research and policy, Food Policy, 32(3), 281-298. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.08.001.
Subramaniam,Y., Ariffin Masron, T. & Hadiyan N.A. (2019). The impact of biofuels on food security, International Economics, 160, 72-83, ISSN 2110-7017. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2019.10.003.
Tadesse, G., Bernardina, A., Matthias, K. & Joachim, V.B. (2016). Drivers and triggers of international food price spikes and volatility. Food Policy, 47, 117-128. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.08.014.
Tian, J., Bryksa, B.C. & Yada. R.Y. (2016). Feeding the world into the future – food and nutrition security: The role of food science and technology. Frontiers in Life Science, 9(3), 155-166. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2016.1174958.
WHO. (2020). WHO reveals leading causes of death and disability worldwide: 2000-2019. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/09-12-2020-who-reveals-leading-causes-of-death-and-disability-worldwide-2000-2019.
Zaree, M. & Mehrabi Boshrabadi, H. (2013). The effect of financial development on food security of rural households in Iran. Agricultural Economics Research, 5(17), 65-80. doi: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20086407.1392.5.17.4.9 [In Persian]
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 330
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 163
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب
