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اثر کاربرد کود اوره پوشش دار بر فرآیند انتقال نیترات به اعماق مختلف خاک در مقایسه با برخی از انواع کودهای رایج | ||
| تحقیقات مهندسی سازه های آبیاری و زهکشی | ||
| دوره 23، شماره 87، آبان 1401، صفحه 77-98 اصل مقاله (1.01 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/idser.2022.359844.1520 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| علی رضا حسن اقلی* 1؛ زهره حیدری زاد2؛ محمود مشعل3؛ مریم وراوی پور3 | ||
| 1دانشیار، مؤسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. | ||
| 2دانش آموخته گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکدگان ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| 3دانشیار، پردیس ابوریحان، گروه مهندسی آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| کاربرد انواع کودهای شیمیایی و آلی رایج به‌منظور افزودن بر میزان محصول تولیدی در کشاورزی امروز متداول است که گاهی می‌تواند منجر به ورود آلایندههایی مانند نیترات به محیط زیست و منابع آب و خاک شود. از همین روی، کاربرد کودهای اورۀ پوششدار یا کُندرها شاید بتواند انتقال آلودگی کمتری را درپی داشته باشد. در این تحقیق، به بررسی فرآیند انتقال نیترات به اعماق مختلف خاک با کاربرد انواعی از کودهای شیمیایی و آلی رایج و مقایسه آن با کود اوره کُندرها (با پوشش گوگردی) پرداخته شد. به همین منظور 15 ستون آب و خاک با مقطع استوانهای به ارتفاع 150 و قطر 10 سانتیمتر طراحی و ساخته شد. ستونها تا ارتفاع 120 سانتیمتر از خاک با بافت لوم شنی پُرشدند. برای نمونهبرداری از زهاب، زهکش‌هایی در عمقهای مختلف ستونها کارگذاری شد. انواع کودهای کاربردی، بر اساس کمیت نیتروژن مورد نیاز برای گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی محاسبه و بهکار برده شد. این پژوهش با بهکارگیری طرح آماری فاکتوریل در قالب کاملاً تصادفی، با عوامل مورد بررسی شامل: نوع کود (بدون کاربرد کود یا شاهد، اوره پوششدار، کودهای شیمیایی رایج اوره و نیترات آمونیوم، و کود آلی مرغی)؛ عمق نمونهبرداری از زهاب در ستونها (30، 60، 90 و 120 سانتیمتر از سطح خاک)؛ نوبت آبیاری (5 مرتبه) و زمان نمونهبرداری در هر آبیاری (5 نوبت، بر اساس حجم تخلیه مشخصی از آبِ خاک در یک پوروالیوم یا حجم منفذی کامل)، در سه تکرار به اجرا درآمد. نتایج تجزیۀ واریانس حکایت از آن داشت که اثرهای نوع کود کاربردی، نوبت آبیاری و زمان نمونهبرداری بر میزان نیترات اندازه‌گیری شده در نمونههای زهاب (آبشویی نیترات)، به لحاظ آماری در سطح یک درصد معنیدار است. ولی غلظت نیترات در نمونههای تهیه شده از عمقهای مختلف، تغییرات معنیداری را نشان نداد. بررسی مقادیر میانگین نیترات زهاب حاکی از آن بود که میزان انتقال نیترات به عمق در کاربرد کود نیترات آمونیوم (با میزان 51/67 میلیگرم بر لیتر) بیشترین، و در تیمار شاهد (با 38/39 میلیگرم بر لیتر) کمترین است. کود اوره (با 48/16 میلیگرم بر لیتر)، کود مرغی (با 40/70 میلیگرم بر لیتر) و اورۀ پوششدار (با 39/88 میلیگرم بر لیتر)، بهترتیب در بین آندو قرار گرفت و تفاوت آنها از نظر آماری در سطح یک درصد معنیدار بود. بنابراین، میتوان نتیجه گرفت که کاربرد کود اورۀ پوششدار در شرایط این تحقیق توانسته است تأثیر آشکاری بر کاهش انتقال نیترات به عمق خاک داشته باشد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آبشویی"؛ آلودگی نیتراتی"؛ "؛ زهکشی" | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The effect of using coated urea on the process of nitrate transfer to different soil depths compared to some types of common fertilizers | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Ali reza Hassanoghli1؛ Zohreh Heidaryzad2؛ Mahmoud Mashal3؛ Maryam Varavipoor3 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Alborz, Iran. | ||
| 2Graduated student, Department of Water Engineering; College of Aboureyhan; University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 3Associate professor, Department of Water Engineering; College of Aboureyhan; University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract Introduction In today's agriculture, the use of different chemical and organic fertilizers is inevitable via to adding the amount of production. However, in some cases, application of fertilizers could result to introduce of some pollutants such as nitrates into the environment and water and soil resources. In such a condition, the application of urea coated fertilizers or slow released may cause less pollution. In this research, the amount of nitrate transport in soil profile was investigated due to the application of some common chemical and organic fertilizers in comparison with slow release urea (sulfur coated) fertilizer (SCU). Methodology For this purpose, 15 cylindrical columns of soil and water, with a height of 150 cm and a diameter of 10 cm were designed, constructed and used. The columns were filled up to a height of 120 cm with a sandy loam soil. Drainages were installed at different depths of the columns. The amount of applied fertilizers was calculated and applied based on the amount of nitrogen required for the tomato plant. In this research, a statistical factorial with completely randomized design was used to study the factors including: type of fertilizer (no fertilizer as control treatment, urea, ammonium nitrate, coated urea and poultry manure); sampling depth of drainage water (30, 60 , 90 and 120 cm from the soil surface); irrigation rotation (5 times) and sampling intervals in each irrigation (5 times based on specific volumes of drainage water discharge of a complete purvolum of soil) with three replications. Results and Discussion The results of the analysis of variance indicated that the effects of the type of applied fertilizer, irrigation rotation and sampling time on the amount of nitrate measured in the effluent samples (nitrate leaching) were statistically significant at the 1% level. But nitrate concentration in the samples prepared from the different depths did not show significant changes. Investigating the mean values of nitrates in drainage water showed that nitrate transfer to soil depth was the highest in ammonium nitrate application (with a mean of 51.67 mg/l) and was the lowest in control treatment (with a mean of 38.39 mg/l). Also, urea fertilizers (with a mean of 48.16 mg/l), poultry (with a mean of 40.70 mg/l) and coated urea (with a mean of 39.88 mg/l) were placed in between them, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant at one percent level. Conclusions In general, application of coated urea (SCU) fertilizer could have a clear effect on reducing nitrate leaching to soil depth, especially in the condition of this research and in comparison with other types of common fertilizers. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Chemical fertilizer, Drainage, Leaching, Nitrate pollution, Sulfur coated urea, poultry manure | ||
| مراجع | ||
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