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برآورد حجم هدررفت خاک ناشی از فرسایش خندقی و ارتباط آن با ویژگی‌های خاک و آبخیز در آبخیزهای شریف و هدام استان خوزستان | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 36، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 138، فروردین 1402، صفحه 80-95 اصل مقاله (1.81 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/wmrj.2022.358628.1472 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| فریدون سلیمانی* 1؛ مهین کله هویی2؛ شمس اله عسگری3 | ||
| 1استادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده ی منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس | ||
| 3استادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ایلام، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ایلام، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه و هدف فرسایش خندقی متأثر از عامل‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های فراوانی است، که همراه با زیان‌های فراوان اقتصادی و اجتماعی موجب ازبین‌رفتن و هدررفت حجم وسیعی از خاک می‌شود. متغیر بودن تنوع، تعداد و اندازه‌ی تأثیر عامل‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های مختلف از نقطه‌ای به نقطه دیگر و متفاوت بودن سهم مشارکت آن‌ها در شکل‌گیری و گسترش خندق‌ها در تبعیت از شرایط زمین است. چنین شرایطی سبب شده تحقیقات بیش‌تری جهت شناسایی هر چه بیش‌تر عامل‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های اثرگذار در رخداد فرسایش خندقی و اندازه مشارکت آن‌ها در شکل‌گیری و گسترش این پدیده انجام شود. پژوهش حاضر، باهدف برآورد حجم هدررفت خاک ناشی از فرسایش خندقی در آبخیزهای هدام و شریف استان خوزستان برنامه‌ریزی شده است. آبخیز مدرس شوشتر با داشتن زیرآبخیزهای شریف و هدام به‌عنوان یکی از آبخیزهای مهم و خاص استان هرساله وسعت زیادی از زمین‌های کشاورزی آن مورد تهدید فرسایش خندقی قرار می‌گیرد. مواد و روش‌ها برای انجام این پژوهش، نخست در منطقه‌ی موردمطالعه در طول دوره‌ی 20 ساله (1391-1372) بخش‌های دارای خندق روی نقشه‌ی پستی‌وبلندی با مقیاس 1:250000 مشخص شد. سپس از هر طبقه اقلیمی گرم- خشک بیابانی و گرم- نیمه‌خشک، 15 خندق شناسایی و بررسی شد. ویژگی‌هایی از قبیل شیب نقطه‌ی اولیه‌ی ایجاد خندق و شیب پیشانی خندق از روش میدانی و با استفاده از متر نواری، تراز و دستگاه شیب‌سنج اندازه‌گیری و مساحت سراب پیشانی خندق در محیط گوگل ارث محاسبه شد. هم‌چنین ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک هرکدام از خندق‌ها آزمایش شد. نتایج و بحث نتایج نشان داد که متوسط درصد خاک لخت در بالای پیشانی خندق‌های انتخاب‌شده آبخیزهای هدام و شریف به ترتیب 99/8 و 97/26 % بود. بر اساس ویژگی‌های خاک، عامل اصلی ناپایداری خاک و ایجاد فرسایش در خندق‌های هر دو آبخیز شوری خاک ((EC است. ویژگی‌های ریخت‌شناسی خندق‌ها نشان داد که تمامی خندق‌ها در آبخیز هدام دارای مقطع V شکل هستند. در آبخیز شریف تنها خندق B12، دارای مقطع V شکل و مابقی U شکل است. آبخیز هدام دارای بیش‌ترین ژرفا، بیش‌ترین عرض پایین و بیش‌ترین عرض بالای خندق نسبت به آبخیز شریف است. در آبخیز شریف و هدام مجموع حجم هدررفت خاک به ترتیب 23000 و 51579 مترمکعب است. در آبخیز هدام، خندق‌های A18 و B1 به ترتیب دارای بیش‌ترین و کم‌ترین حجم هدررفت خاک، به‌اندازه‌ی 11599 و 1612 مترمکعب است. در آبخیز شریف نیز خندق‌های A2 و B4 به ترتیب دارای بیش‌ترین و کم‌ترین حجم هدررفت خاک به‌اندازه‌ی 5282 و 369 مترمکعب است. نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادها مهم‌ترین عامل در هدررفت خاک و گسترش خندق‌ها، ویژگی‌های آبخیز در سراب پیشانی خندق (گستره و شیب آبخیز) و هم‌چنین ریزدانه‌بودن خاک (لای زیاد) و بالا بودن شوری خاک بوده است. با توجه به لخت‌بودن بیش‌ازحد خاک، افزایش زبری سطح خاک با استقرار پوشش گیاهی، به‌عنوان یکی از روش‌های سازگار و کم‌هزینه در امر حفاظت منابع خاک است. برای مهارکردن گسترش فرسایش خندقی افزایش ماده‌ی آلی خاک، اصلاح خاک‌های شور و سدیمی با کاربرد اصلاح‌کننده‌ها و هم‌چنین انحراف رواناب‌های پیشانی خندق ضروری است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آبخیز هدام؛ تولید رسوب؛ ریخت‌شناسی؛ سطح مقطع خندق؛ فرسایش خاک؛ کاربری زمین | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Estimation of Soil Loss Volume Due to Gully Erosion and its Relationship with Soil and Watershed Characteristics in Sharif and Haddam Watersheds of Khuzestan Province | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Freidoon Soleimani1؛ Mahin Kalehhouei2؛ Shamsolah Asgari3 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ahvaz, Iran | ||
| 2Ph.D., Student in Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ilam, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction and Objective Gully erosion affected by many factors causes the destruction and loss of large volumes of soil along with great economic and social damage. The variability of diversity, the number and size of the influence of different factors from one point to another and the difference of their participation in the formation and expansion of gullies is based on the conditions of the land. Such conditions have caused more researches to be carried out to identify as many factors as possible in the phenomenon of gully erosion and the extent of their participation in the formation and expansion of this phenomenon. In this regard, the present study has been planned with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the effective factors in the development of gullies in the Haddam and Sharif watersheds of Khuzestan province. Modares Shushtar watershed, having Sharif and Hadam subwatersheds, as one of the important and typical basins of the province, every year a large area of its agricultural land is threatened by gully erosion. Materials and Methods In order to carry out this research, first, the parts with gullies in the study area were identified on the topography map with a scale of 1:250,000 during the 20-year period (1993-2012). Then, 15 gullies have been identified and investigated from each climate class of hot-dry desert and hot-semi-arid. Features such as the slope of the initial point of creating a gully and the slope of the front of the gully were calculated by the field method and using a tape measure, level and inclinometer measuring device and the mirage area of the gully front in the Google Earth softwave. Also, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil of each gully were tested. Results and Discussion The results showed that the average percentage of bare soil above the head cut of selected gullies in Haddam and Sharif watersheds is 99.8% and 97.26%, respectively. Based on soil characteristics, the main cause of soil instability and erosion in gullies in both watersheds is EC. The morphometric characteristics of the gullies showed that in the Haddam watershed, all gullies are V-shaped in terms of cross section, and in the Sharif watershed, only gullies are B12, V-shaped and the rest are U-shaped. The Haddam watershed has the highest depth, width, and top of the gully compared to the Sharif watershed. The total volume of soil loss in Sharif and Haddam watersheds is 23000 and 51579 m3, respectively. Gullies A18 and B1 in Haddam watershed have the highest and lowest soil loss volume, at 11599 and 1612 m3, respectively. In the Sharif watershed, the maximum and minimum soil loss volume of gullies related to gullies A2 and B4 are 5282 and 369 m2, respectively. Conclusion and Suggestions The most important factors in the volume of soil loss and expansion of gulies are the characteristics of the watershed located upstream of the gully front (such as the extent and slope of the watershed) as well as the fineness of the geological formation (silt) and high soil salinity. Due to the excessive bareness of the soil, increasing the roughness of the soil surface with the establishment of vegetation is one of the compatible and low-cost methods in protecting soil resources. In order to control the spread of gully erosion, it is necessary to increase soil organic matter, modify saline and sodium soils with the use of modifiers, and also divert the runoff from the gully front. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Gully cross section, Haddam watershed, land use, morphometric, soil erosion, sediment yield | ||
| مراجع | ||
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