Role of Serum Ferritin, D-Dimer, and C-Reactive Protein Parameters in COVID 19 Severity

1. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G,
Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-
nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany.
N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):970-1.
2. Xu C, Luo X, Yu C, Cao S-J. The 2019-nCoV
epidemic control strategies and future challenges of
building healthy smart cities. SAGE Publications Sage UK:
London, England; 2020. p. 639-44.
3. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses:
genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med
Virol. 2020;92(4):418-23.
4. Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Corry DB. The potential
role of Th17 immune responses in coronavirus
immunopathology and vaccine-induced immune
enhancement. Elsevier; 2020. p. 165-7.
5. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, et
al. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of
COVID-19. Viruses. 2020;12(4):372.
6. De Haan CA, Kuo L, Masters PS, Vennema H,
Rottier PJ. Coronavirus particle assembly: primary
structure requirements of the membrane protein. J Virol.
1998;72(8):6838-50.
7. Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen K-Y.
Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis.
Viruses. 2010;2(8):1804-20.
8. Al-Suhail RGA, Ali LF. Statistical Analysis of
COVID-19 Pandemic Across the Provinces of Iraq. Iraqi J
Sci. 2021:811-24.
9. Ghahramani S, Tabrizi R, Lankarani KB, Kashani
SMA, Rezaei S, Zeidi N, et al. Laboratory features of
severe vs. non-severe COVID-19 patients in Asian
populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J
Med Res. 2020;25(1):1-10.
10. Salehi-Abari I, Khazaeli S, Salehi-Abari F, SalehiAbari A. Practical guideline for screening the patients with
SARS-CoV-2 infection and Persian Gulf criteria for
diagnosis of COVID-19. Adv Infect Dis. 2020;10(03):67.
11. Yang A-P, Liu J-p, Tao W-q, Li H-m. The
diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in
COVID-19 patients. Int Immunopharmacol.
2020;84:106504.
12. Cary N. Statistical analysis system, User's guide.
Statistical. Version 9. SAS Inst Inc USA. 2012.
13. Kernan KF, Carcillo JA. Hyperferritinemia and
inflammation. Int Immunol. 2017;29(9):401-9.
14. Taneri PE, Gómez-Ochoa SA, Llanaj E, Raguindin
PF, Rojas LZ, Roa-Díaz ZM, et al. Anemia and iron
metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(8):763-73.
15. Li X, Xu S, Yu M, Wang K, Tao Y, Zhou Y, et al.
Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19
inpatients in Wuhan. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2020;146(1):110-8.
16. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al.
Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult
inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a
retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-
62.
742 Abdullateef Abdullah et al / Archives of Razi Institute, Vol. 78, No. 2 (2023) 737-742
17. Cao P, Wu Y, Wu S, Wu T, Zhang Q, Zhang R, et
al. Elevated serum ferritin level effectively discriminates
severity illness and predicts prognosis of COVID-19
patients. 2020.
18. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Des paramètres de
coagulation anormaux sont associés à un mauvais pronostic
chez les patients atteints de pneumonie à nouveau
coronavirus. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7.
19. Querol-Ribelles JM, Tenias JM, Grau E, QuerolBorras JM, Climent JL, Gomez E, et al. Plasma d-dimer
levels correlate with outcomes in patients with communityacquired pneumonia. Chest. 2004;126(4):1087-92.
20. Snijders D, Schoorl M, Schoorl M, Bartels PC,
van der Werf TS, Boersma WG. D-dimer levels in
assessing severity and clinical outcome in patients with
community-acquired pneumonia. A secondary analysis of
a randomised clinical trial. Eur J Intern Med.
2012;23(5):436-41.
21. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et
al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases
of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a
descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
22. Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G,
et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with
 coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ.
2020;368.
23. Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He Jx, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019
in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
24. Gao Y, Li T, Han M, Li X, Wu D, Xu Y, et al.
Diagnostic utility of clinical laboratory data determinations
for patients with the severe COVID-19. J Med Virol.
2020;92(7):791-6.
25. Mo P, Xing Y, Xiao Y, Deng L, Zhao Q, Wang H,
et al. Clinical characteristics of refractory coronavirus
disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis.
2021;73(11):e4208-e13.
26. Luo X, Zhou W, Yan X, Guo T, Wang B, Xia H, et
al. Prognostic value of C-reactive protein in patients with
coronavirus 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2174-9.
27. Wang G, Wu C, Zhang Q, Wu F, Yu B, Lv J, et al.,
editors. C-reactive protein level may predict the risk of
COVID-19 aggravation. Open forum infectious diseases;
2020: Oxford University Press US.
28. Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, Winskill P,
Whittaker C, Imai N, et al. Estimates of the severity of
coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet
Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):669-77.1. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G,
Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-
nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany.
N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):970-1.
2. Xu C, Luo X, Yu C, Cao S-J. The 2019-nCoV
epidemic control strategies and future challenges of
building healthy smart cities. SAGE Publications Sage UK:
London, England; 2020. p. 639-44.
3. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses:
genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med
Virol. 2020;92(4):418-23.
4. Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Corry DB. The potential
role of Th17 immune responses in coronavirus
immunopathology and vaccine-induced immune
enhancement. Elsevier; 2020. p. 165-7.
5. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, et
al. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of
COVID-19. Viruses. 2020;12(4):372.
6. De Haan CA, Kuo L, Masters PS, Vennema H,
Rottier PJ. Coronavirus particle assembly: primary
structure requirements of the membrane protein. J Virol.
1998;72(8):6838-50.
7. Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen K-Y.
Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis.
Viruses. 2010;2(8):1804-20.
8. Al-Suhail RGA, Ali LF. Statistical Analysis of
COVID-19 Pandemic Across the Provinces of Iraq. Iraqi J
Sci. 2021:811-24.
9. Ghahramani S, Tabrizi R, Lankarani KB, Kashani
SMA, Rezaei S, Zeidi N, et al. Laboratory features of
severe vs. non-severe COVID-19 patients in Asian
populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J
Med Res. 2020;25(1):1-10.
10. Salehi-Abari I, Khazaeli S, Salehi-Abari F, SalehiAbari A. Practical guideline for screening the patients with
SARS-CoV-2 infection and Persian Gulf criteria for
diagnosis of COVID-19. Adv Infect Dis. 2020;10(03):67.
11. Yang A-P, Liu J-p, Tao W-q, Li H-m. The
diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in
COVID-19 patients. Int Immunopharmacol.
2020;84:106504.
12. Cary N. Statistical analysis system, User's guide.
Statistical. Version 9. SAS Inst Inc USA. 2012.
13. Kernan KF, Carcillo JA. Hyperferritinemia and
inflammation. Int Immunol. 2017;29(9):401-9.
14. Taneri PE, Gómez-Ochoa SA, Llanaj E, Raguindin
PF, Rojas LZ, Roa-Díaz ZM, et al. Anemia and iron
metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(8):763-73.
15. Li X, Xu S, Yu M, Wang K, Tao Y, Zhou Y, et al.
Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19
inpatients in Wuhan. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2020;146(1):110-8.
16. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al.
Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult
inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a
retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-
62.
742 Abdullateef Abdullah et al / Archives of Razi Institute, Vol. 78, No. 2 (2023) 737-742
17. Cao P, Wu Y, Wu S, Wu T, Zhang Q, Zhang R, et
al. Elevated serum ferritin level effectively discriminates
severity illness and predicts prognosis of COVID-19
patients. 2020.
18. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Des paramètres de
coagulation anormaux sont associés à un mauvais pronostic
chez les patients atteints de pneumonie à nouveau
coronavirus. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7.
19. Querol-Ribelles JM, Tenias JM, Grau E, QuerolBorras JM, Climent JL, Gomez E, et al. Plasma d-dimer
levels correlate with outcomes in patients with communityacquired pneumonia. Chest. 2004;126(4):1087-92.
20. Snijders D, Schoorl M, Schoorl M, Bartels PC,
van der Werf TS, Boersma WG. D-dimer levels in
assessing severity and clinical outcome in patients with
community-acquired pneumonia. A secondary analysis of
a randomised clinical trial. Eur J Intern Med.
2012;23(5):436-41.
21. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et
al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases
of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a
descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
22. Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G,
et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with
 coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ.
2020;368.
23. Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He Jx, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019
in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
24. Gao Y, Li T, Han M, Li X, Wu D, Xu Y, et al.
Diagnostic utility of clinical laboratory data determinations
for patients with the severe COVID-19. J Med Virol.
2020;92(7):791-6.
25. Mo P, Xing Y, Xiao Y, Deng L, Zhao Q, Wang H,
et al. Clinical characteristics of refractory coronavirus
disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis.
2021;73(11):e4208-e13.
26. Luo X, Zhou W, Yan X, Guo T, Wang B, Xia H, et
al. Prognostic value of C-reactive protein in patients with
coronavirus 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2174-9.
27. Wang G, Wu C, Zhang Q, Wu F, Yu B, Lv J, et al.,
editors. C-reactive protein level may predict the risk of
COVID-19 aggravation. Open forum infectious diseases;
2020: Oxford University Press US.
28. Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, Winskill P,
Whittaker C, Imai N, et al. Estimates of the severity of
coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet
Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):669-77.