Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori is challenging. Diverse techniques have been developed for accurate diagnosis. However, they have some limitations. This research investigated the efficacy of specific modulation frequency (SMF) compared to other routine diagnostic methods for detecting H. pylori in gastric biopsy samples of experimentally infected mice. One-hundred and fifty healthy male C57BL/6 mice were included and divided into the control and treatment groups. The mice in the treatment group were treated with 0.2 ml of 0.2 M NaHCO3 to neutralize gastric acidity. Then, 109 colony-forming units of H. pylori (ATCC 43504) mixed in PBS were used intragastrically to inoculate the mice. Mice were kept for up to 28 days and examined on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 using culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and SMF. On day 0, only the SMF and PCR could detect the H. pylori in the stomach of 60% and 20% of mice, respectively. On day 7, culture, PCR, and SMF could detect H. pylori in 40%, 80%, and 100% of mice, respectively. SMF detected all infected mice from days 7 to 28 (100%). PCR detected all H. pylori-infected mice at days 14 to 27 (100%). Another test (culture) detected all infected mice only on day 28. Significant differences were found among the three diagnostic methods on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 of the experiment (P<0.05). SMF was found to have high sensitivity and specificity for H. pylori detection in the early stages of infection. |
- Mousavi S, Dehkordi FS, Rahimi E. Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolated from raw milk and unpasteurized dairy products in Iran. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 2014;20:51.
- Ghorbani F, Gheisari E, Safarpoor F. Genotyping of vacA alleles of Helicobacter pylori strains recovered from some Iranian food items. Trop J Pharm Res. 2016;15:1631-6.
- Ranjbar R, Farsani FY, Dehkordi FS. Phenotypic analysis of antibiotic resistance and genotypic study of the vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA and babA genotypes of the Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw milk. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:115.
- Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK, Suen MMY, Underwood FE, Tanyingoh D, et al. Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(2):420-9.
- Eshraghian A. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection among the healthy population in Iran and countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review of prevalence and risk factors. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(46):17618-25.
- Ramis IB, de Moraes EP, Fernandes MS, Mendoza-Sassi R, Rodrigues O, Juliano CR, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic methods for the detection of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy specimens of dyspeptic patients. Braz J Microbiol. 2012;43(3):903-8.
- Kalali B, Formichella L, Gerhard M. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: Changes towards the Future. Diseases. 2015;3(3):122-35.
- Barbault A, Costa FP, Bottger B, Munden RF, Bomholt F, Kuster N, et al. Amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields for the treatment of cancer: discovery of tumor-specific frequencies and assessment of a novel therapeutic approach. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2009;28:51.
- Costa FP, de Oliveira AC, Meirelles R, Machado MC, Zanesco T, Surjan R, et al. Treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with very low levels of amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(5):640-8.
- Vargas Luna J, Mayr W, Cortes-Ramirez J. Amplitude Modulation Approach for Real-Time Algorithms of ECG-Derived Respiration. Rev Mex de Ing Biomed. 2013;35:53-69.
- Mashak Z, Jafariaskari S, Alavi I, Sakhaei Shahreza M, Safarpoor Dehkordi F. Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Genotyping of vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA, cagE, and babA2 Alleles of Helicobacter pylori Bacteria Isolated from Raw Meat. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:257-72.
- Ho SA, Hoyle JA, Lewis FA, Secker AD, Cross D, Mapstone NP, et al. Direct polymerase chain reaction test for detection of Helicobacter pylori in humans and animals. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29(11):2543-9.
- Fotoohi F, Kazemi Mj, Ansariniya H. Challenges of Accurate Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in Iran. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2019;7(3):88-92.
- Patel SK, Pratap CB, Jain AK, Gulati AK, Nath G. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: what should be the gold standard? World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(36):12847-59.
- Allahverdiyev AM, Bagirova M, Caliskan R, Tokman HB, Aliyeva H, Unal G, et al. Isolation and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori by a new method: microcapillary culture. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(9):2622-8.
- Dore MP, Pes GM. What Is New in Helicobacter pylori Diagnosis. An Overview. J Clin Med. 2021;10(10).
- Lee JY, Kim N. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori by invasive test: histology. Ann Transl Med. 2015;3(1):10.
- Lu JJ, Perng CL, Shyu RY, Chen CH, Lou Q, Chong SK, et al. Comparison of five PCR methods for detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in gastric tissues. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(3):772-4.
- Zimmerman JW, Pennison MJ, Brezovich I, Yi N, Yang CT, Ramaker R, et al. Cancer cell proliferation is inhibited by specific modulation frequencies. Br J Cancer. 2012;106(2):307-13.
- Sengupta S, Balla VK. A review on the use of magnetic fields and ultrasound for non-invasive cancer treatment. J Adv Res. 2018;14:97-111.
- Filipovic N, Djukic T, Radovic M, Cvetkovic D, Curcic M, Markovic S, et al. Electromagnetic field investigation on different cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int. 2014;14(1):1-10.
- Zimmerman JW, Jimenez H, Pennison MJ, Brezovich I, Morgan D, Mudry A, et al. Targeted treatment of cancer with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields amplitude-modulated at tumor-specific frequencies. Chin J Cancer. 2013;32(11):573-81.
- Khalifehgholi M, Shamsipour F, Ajhdarkosh H, Daryani NE, Pourmand MR, Hosseini M, et al. Comparison of five diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori. Iran J Microbiol. 2013;5(4):396.
- Khadka P, Chapagain G, Maharjan G, Paudyal P. A comparison of techniques to address the frequency of Helicobacter pylori positive dyspeptic patient. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):784.
|