| تعداد نشریات | 286 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 84 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,014 |
| تعداد مقالات | 33,689 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 44,848,772 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 41,775,144 |
Genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian Ephedra major | ||
| Rostaniha | ||
| دوره 21، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 60، اسفند 2020، صفحه 231-247 اصل مقاله (509.12 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Systematics and Biodiversity of Plants | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/botany.2020.351724.1217 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Somayeh Ghanbari Hamedani1؛ Younes Asri2؛ Iraj Mehregan* 3 | ||
| 1PhD Student, Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Research Associate Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Associate Prof., Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| As a highly valuable source of ephedrine, Ephedra major is well-adapted to various habitats in Iran. Over the last few decades, human’s activity, in particular, over exploitation of its populations to extract medicinally valuable constitutes, have endangered this species. In this investigation, the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure in 16 natural populations of E. major for the very first time have been assessed utilizing molecular markers, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR). A high level of genetic diversity was revealed among the population where Dehbar region (Khorasan Razavi province, Iran) exhibited the highest quantity of genetic parameters (P = 67.96%, H = 0.365 236, I = 0.365). Intra-population genetic diversity (71%) was significantly higher than inter-population genetic diversity (29%) and only 1% genetic diversity among-regions. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Bayesian clustering methods indicated the presence of a relatively strong population structure and to some extent in accordance with the geographical origin of populations. However, the success of UPGMA in grouping populations in congruence with their geographical location was more tangible. From the outcomes of this study, it could be asserted that, ISSR markers are effective in detecting the pattern of genetic diversity in E. major populations. On the other hand, by having reliable knowledge of the status of genetic diversity and structure of populations of this species, the first steps can be taken to protect populations with low genetic diversity, and also pave the way for breeding programs to finding and selection of superior populations. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Ephedraceae؛ clustering؛ conservation؛ genetic distance؛ ISSR | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| مطالعه تنوع ژنتیکی و ساختار جمعیتی Ephedra major در ایران | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| سمیه قنبری همدانی1؛ یونس عصری2؛ ایرج مهرگان3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، صندوق پستی 116-13185، تهران، ایران | ||
| 3دانشیار گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Ephedra major Host (Ephedraceae)، به عنوان منبع بسیار ارزنده ماده افدرین، با زیستگاه‌های مختلف در ایران سازگار شده است. طی چند دهه اخیر فعالیت‌های انسانی، به ویژه بهره‌برداری بیش از حد از جمعیت‌های گونه مذکور جهت استخراج مواد دارویی ارزشمند، این گونه را در معرض خطر قرار داده است. در این تحقیق، سطح تنوع ژنتیکی و ساختار ژنتیکی در 16 جمعیت E. major برای نخستین بار با استفاده از نشانگرهای مولکولی inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)ارزیابی شد. سطح بالایی از تنوع ژنتیکی در میان جمعیت مشاهده شد که منطقه دهبار واقع در استان خراسان رضوی بیش‌ترین تنوع در پارامترهای ژنتیکی را نشان داد (P = 67.96%, H = 0.365 236, I = 0.365). تنوع ژنتیکی درون جمعیت (71٪) به طور قابل توجهی بالاتر از تنوع ژنتیکی بین جمعیت (29%) بود و تنها 1 درصد تنوع ژنتیکی بین مناطق وجود داشت. روش‌های متوسط فاصله بین گروه‌ها (UPGMA)و همچنین روش‌های خوشه‌بندی بایسین (Bayesian) بیانگر وجود ساختار نسبتا قوی جمعیت است تا حدودی منطبق با منش جغرافیایی جمعیت می‌باشد. با این حال، موفقیت UPGMA در گروه‌بندی جمعیت متناسب با موقعیت جغرافیایی آن‌ها محسوس‌تر بوده و با توجه به نتایج این مطالعه، می‌توان ادعا کرد، نشانگرهای ISSR در تشخیص الگوی تنوع ژنتیکی در جمعیت‌های E. major مؤثر هستند. از سوی دیگر، با داشتن دانش قابل اعتماد از وضعیت تنوع ژنتیکی و ساختار جمعیتی این گونه، می‌توان گام‌های نخستین را در راستای حفاظت از جمعیت‌های با تنوع ژنتیکی پایین استوار نمود تا راه برای اجرای برنامههای اصلاحی در انتخاب جمیعت‌های برتر هموار گردد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| افدرا, حفاظت, خوشه‌بندی, فاصله ژنتیکی, ISSR | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Agarwal, T., Gupta, A.K., Patel, A.K. & Shekhawat N.S. 2015. Micropropagation and validation of genetic homogeneity of Alhagi maurorum using SCoT, ISSR and RAPD markers. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 120: 313–323.
Assadi, M. 1998. Flora of Iran: Ephedraceae, No. 22. Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran, 58 pp.
Bakhshipour, M., Mafakheri, M., Kordrostami, M., Zakir, A., Rahimi, N., Feizi, F. & Mohseni, M. 2019. In vitro multiplication, genetic fidelity and phytochemical potentials of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.: An endangered medicinal plant. Industrial Crops and Products 141: 111812. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111812.
Bhatti, V.P. & Vashishtha, D.P. 2008. Indigenous plants in traditional healthcare system in Kedarnath valley of western Himalaya. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 7(2): 300–310.
Booy, G., Hendriks, R., Smulders, M., Van Groenendael, J. & Vosman, B. 2000. Genetic diversity and the survival of populations. Plant Biology 2: 379–395. Bower, A.D. & Aitken S.N. 2007. Mating system and inbreeding depression in whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.). Tree Genetics & Genomes 3(4): 379–388.
Chen, Y., Peng, Z., Wu, C., Ma, Z., Ding, G., Cao, G., Ruan, S. & Lin, S. 2017. Genetic diversity and variation of Chinese fir from Fujian province and Taiwan, China, based on ISSR markers. PLoS One 12(4): e0175571. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175571.
Costa, R., Pereira, G., Garrido, I., Tavares-de-Sousa, M.M. & Espinosa, F. 2016. Comparison of RAPD, ISSR, and AFLP molecular markers to reveal and classify orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) Germplasm Variations. PLoS One 11(4): e0152972. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152972.
Dhir, R.P. & Singhvi, A.K. 2012. The Thar Desert and its antiquity. Current Science 102(7): 1001–1008.
Doyle, J. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19(1): 11–15.
Ehtesham-Gharaee, M., Hoseini, B.A., Hassanzadeh Khayyat, M., Emami, S.A., Asili, J., Shakeri, A., Hassani, M., Ansari, A., Arabzadeh, S., Kasaian, J. & Behravan, J. 2017. Essential oil diversity and molecular characterization of Ephedra species using RAPD analysis. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy (RJP) 4(3): 21–27.
Ellegren, H. & Galtier, N. 2016. Determinants of genetic diversity. Nature Reviews Genetics 17: 422–433.
Ferreira, V., Matos, M., Correia, S., Martins, N., Gonçalves, S., Romano, A. & Pinto-Carnide, O. 2013. Genetic diversity of two endemic and endangered Plantago species. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 51: 37–44.
Ghafoor, S., Shah, M., Ahmad, H., Swati, Z., Shah, S., Pervez, A. & Farooq, U. 2007. Molecular characterization of Ephedra species found in Pakistan. Genetic and Molecular Research 6(4): 1123–1130.
Gerard, J., Oostermeijer, B. & de Knegt, B. 2004. Genetic population structure of the wind-pollinated, dioecious shrub Juniperus communis in fragmented Dutch heathlands. Plant Species Biology 19(3): 175–184.
Gul, R., Jan, S.U., Faridullah, S., Sherani, S. & Jahan, N. 2017. Preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of alkaloids, and antioxidant activity of crude plant extracts from Ephedra intermedia indigenous to Balochistan. The Scientific World Journal: 5873648. doi:10.1155/2017/5873648.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A., David, A.T. & Ryan, P.D. 2001. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis, 4: 1–9. http://palaeo-lectronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm.
Hamrick, J.L., Godt, M.J.W. & Sherman-Broyles, S.L. 1992. Factors Influencing Levels of Genetic Diversity in Woody Plant Species. Pp. 95–124. In: Population Genetics of Forest Trees, Springer, Berlin.
Hamrick. J.L. & Godt, M.J.W.1996. Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species. Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences 351: 1291–1298.
Hanyu, J., Wei, L. & Sheng, L. 2006. Relationship analysis of five species in the genus Ephedra L. by RAPD. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University 6: 49–52.
Huang, C.L., Ho, C.W., Chiang, Y.C., Shigemoto, Y., Hsu, T.W., Hwang, C.C., Ge, X.J., Chen, C., Wu, T.H., Chou, C.H., Huang, H.J., Gojobori, T., Osada, N. & Chiang, T.Y. 2014. Adaptive divergence with gene flow in incipient speciation of Miscanthus floridulus/sinensis complex (Poaceae). The Plant Journal 80(5): 834–847.
Huang, J., Giannasi, D.E. & Price, R.A. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships in Ephedra (Ephedraceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 35: 48–59.
Huang, S., Hu, Y., Wu, D., Tian, Q. & Li, H.Q. 2010. Genetic diversity of Gnetum parvifolium of Fujian by ISSR markers. Guihania 30 (5): 601– 607.
Ickert-Bond, S.M. & Renner, S.S. 2016. The Gnetales: recent insights on their morphology, reproductive biology, chromosome numbers, biogeography, and divergence times. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54: 1–16.
Jaradat, N., Hussen, F. & Al Ali, A. 2015. Preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative estimation of total flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant activity of Ephedra alata Decne. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science 6: 1771–1778. Latzel, V., Allan, E., Silveira, A.B., Colot, V., Fischer, M. & Bossdorf, O. 2013. Epigenetic diversity increases the productivity and stability of plant populations. Nature Communications 4: 1–7.
Lee, C.H. & Lee, H.S. 2009. Growth inhibiting activity of quinaldic acid isolated from Ephedra pachyclada against intestinal bacteria. Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry 52: 331–335
Lee, S.R., Choi, J.E., Lee, B.Y., Yu, J.N. & Lim, C.E. 2018. Genetic diversity and structure of an endangered medicinal herb: implications for conservation. AoB Plants. 10(2): ply021. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/ply021.
Lienert, J. 2004. Habitat fragmentation effects on fitness of plant populations - a review. Journal of Natural Conservation 12: 53–72.
Liu, J., Shi, S., Chang, E., Yang, W. & Jiang, Z. 2013. Genetic diversity of the critically endangered Thuja sutchuenensis revealed by ISSR markers and the implications for conservation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14(7): 14860–14871.
Luther, J.M. 2012. Drug-induced Autonomic Dysfunction. Pp. 511–514. In: Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System. Elsevier, Berlin.
Mafakheri, M., Kordrostami, M., Rahimi, M. & Matthews, P.D. 2020. Evaluating genetic diversity and structure of a wild hop (Humulus lupulus L.) germplasm using morphological and molecular characteristics. Euphytica 216: 58. doi: 10.1007/s10681-020-02592-z.
Meena, B., Singh, N., Mahar, K.S., Sharma, Y.K. & Rana, T.S. 2019. Molecular analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure in Ephedra foliata: an endemic and threatened plant species of arid and semi-arid regions of India. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 25: 753–764.
Meena, B., Tiwari, V., Singh, N., Mahar, K.S., Sharma, Y.K. & Rana, T.S. 2016. Estimation of genetic variability and population structure in Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf (Ephedraceae): An endangered and endemic high altitude medicinal plant. Agri Gene 1: 116–125.
Méndez, M., Vögeli, M., Tella, J.L. & Godoy, J.A. 2014. Joint effects of population size and isolation on genetic erosion in fragmented populations: finding fragmentation thresholds for management. Evolutionary Applications 7(4): 506–518.
Morales, R.G.F., Resende, J.T.V., Faria, M.V., Andrade, M.C., Resende, L.V., Delatorre, C.A. & da Silva, P.R. 2011. Genetic similarity among strawberry cultivars assessed by RAPD and ISSR markers. Scientia Agricola 68: 665–670.
Neel, M.C. 2008. Patch connectivity and genetic diversity conservation in the federally endangered and narrowly endemic plant species Astragalus albens (Fabaceae). Biological Conservation 141: 938–955.
Ohsawa, T., Saito, Y., Sawada, H. & Ide, Y. 2008. Impact of altitude and topography on the genetic diversity of Quercus serrata populations in the Chichibu Mountains, central Japan Flora. Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 203: 187–196.
Owens J.N., Hardev, V. & Eckenwalder, J.E. 1990. Sex expression in gymnosperms. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 9: 281–294.
Pant, S., Samant & S.S. 2006. Diversity, distribution, uses and conservation status of plant species of the Mornaula Reserve Forests, West Himalaya, India. The International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management 2: 97–104.
Parsaeimehr, A., Sargsyan, E. & Javidnia, K. 2010. A comparative study of the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity and total content of phenolic compounds of cell cultures and wild plants of three endemic species of Ephedra. Molecules 15: 1668–1678.
Peakall, R. & Smouse, P.E. 2006. GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Journal of Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 288–295.
Podani, J. 2000. Introduction to the exploration of multivariate biological data. Backhuys Publishers, 351 pp.
Posselt, U.K. 2010. Breeding Methods in Cross-pollinated Species. Pp. 39–87. In: Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses, Springer, Berlin.
Prieto, I., Violle, C., Barre, P., Durand, J.L., Ghesquiere, M. & Litrico, I. 2015. Complementary effects of species and genetic diversity on productivity and stability of sown grasslands. Nature Plants 1: 15033. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2015.33.
Pritchard, J.K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155(2): 945–959.
Qin, A.L., Wang, M.M., Cun, Y.Z., Yang, F.S., Wang, S.S., Ran, J.H. & Wang, X.Q. 2013. Phylogeographic evidence for a link of species divergence of Ephedra in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions to the Miocene Asian aridification. PloS one 8(2): e56243. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056243.
Riedl, H. 1967. Ephedra. In: K.H. Rechinger (ed.), Flora Iranica Vol. 3. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. Graz.
Rong-li, D., Yong-hong, M., Xia W. & Qing-hua, L. 2003. RAPD analysis of three species of Ephedra Tourn. ex L. growing in Xinjiang. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs (9): 861–862.
Rustaiyan, A., Javidnia, K., Farjam, M.H., Aboee-Mehrizi & F. & Ezzatzadeh, E. 2011. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the Ephedra sarcocarpa growing in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5: 4251–4255.
Rydin, C., Khodabandeh, A. & Endress, P.K. 2010. The female reproductive unit of Ephedra (Gnetales): comparative morphology and evolutionary perspectives. Botanical Journal of Linnean Society 163: 387–430.
Rydin, C. & Bolinder, K. 2015. Moonlight pollination in the gymnosperm Ephedra (Gnetales). Biological Letters 11(4): 20140993. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0993.
Saeed, S., Barozai, Y.K., Ahmed, A., Tareen, R.B., Ali, G.M., Shehzad, A. & Begum, S. 2015. Genetic diversity of Ephedra procera from high altitudes of Quetta valley, Balochistan using RAPD and ISSR. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 21(2): 163–172.
Semerdjieva, I., Petrova, G., Yankova-Tsvetkova, E., Doncheva, T., Kostova, N., Nikolova, R. & Zheljazkov, V.D. 2020. Genetic diversity, reproductive capacity and alkaloids content in three endemic Alkanna species. PLoS One 15(6): e0233516. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233516.
Shi, W., Yang, C.F., Chen, J.M. & Guo, Y.H. 2008. Genetic variation among wild and cultivated populations of the Chinese medicinal plant Coptis chinensis (Ranunculaceae). Plant Biology 10(4): 485–491.
Silva, L., Elias, R.B., Moura, M., Meimberg, H. & Dias, E.J. 2011. Genetic variability and differentiation among populations of the Azorean endemic gymnosperm Juniperus brevifolia: baseline information for a conservation and restoration perspective. Biochemical Genetics 49(11–12): 715–734.
Singh, A. 2004. Endangered economic species of Indian desert. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51: 371–380.
Sun, M. 1996. Effects of population size, mating system, and evolutionary origin on genetic diversity in Spiranthes sinensis and S. hongkongensis. Conservation Biology 10: 785–795.
Takeuchi, V.M., Nakashima, A., Mizukami, H., Hiraoka, N. & Kohda, H. 2003. RAPD analysis of Ephedra plants. Natural medicines 57: 50–54.
Tomimatsu, H. & Ohara, M. 2003. Genetic diversity and local population structure of fragmented populations of Trillium camschatcense (Trilliaceae). Biological Conservation 109: 249–258.
Vidaković, M. 1991. Conifers: Morphology and Variation. Grafičko Zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb, 754 pp.
Wang, T., Wang, Z., Xia, F. & Su, Y. 2016. Local adaptation to temperature and precipitation in naturally fragmented populations of Cephalotaxus oliveri, an endangered conifer endemic to China. Scientific Reports 6: 25031.
Weising, K., Nybom, H., Wolff, K. & Kahl, G. 2005. DNA fingerprinting in plants: principles, methods, and applications. Annals of Botany 97(3): 476–477.
Williams, C.G. & Savolainen, O. 1996. Inbreeding depression in conifers: implications for breeding strategy. Forest Science 42(1): 102–117.
Yang, S., Xue, S., Kang, W., Qian, Z. & Yi, Z. 2019. Genetic diversity and population structure of Miscanthus lutarioriparius, an endemic plant of China. PLoS One 14: e0211471. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211471.
Zhang, J., Xie, W., Wang, Y. & Zhao, X. 2015. Potential of start codon targeted (SCoT) markers to estimate genetic diversity and relationships among Chinese Elymus sibiricus accessions. Molecules 20(4): 5987–6001.
Zhao, Y., Basak, S., Fleener, C.E., Egnin, M., Sacks, E.J., Prakash, C.S. & He, G. 2017. Genetic diversity of Miscanthus sinensis in US naturalized populations. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 9: 965–972.
Zhu, T., Jin, L., Cui, Z., Zhang, X. & Wu, D. 2013. Genetic relationship analysis of Ephedra intermedia from different habitat in Gansu by ISSR analysis. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials 36(9): 1397–1401. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,243 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,064 |
||