| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,080 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,352 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 47,619,575 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 78,636,497 |
اثر مدیریت علفهای هرز و منابع کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی ذرت علوفهای | ||
| پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی | ||
| دوره 33، شماره 02 - شماره پیاپی 127، مرداد 1399، صفحه 69-93 اصل مقاله (652.25 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/aj.2020.127562.1427 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مریم آریان مهر1؛ علی قنبری* 2؛ رضا قربانی3؛ مهدی نصیری محلاتی4؛ رضا خراسانی4؛ قربانعلی اسدی2 | ||
| 1دانشجو دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | ||
| 2هیات علمی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | ||
| 3عضو هیات علمی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | ||
| 4عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مدیریت علفهای هرز و کود نیتروژن در تولید ذرت علوفهای، دو مسئله حائز اهمیت می‌باشند. در این مطالعه اثر روش‌های مختلف کنترل علف‌های‌هرز و منابع کود نیتروژن بر کنترل علف‌های‌هرز و خصوصیات کمی و کیفی ذرت علوفهای ارزیابی شد. آزمایش به‌صورت اسپلیت پلات و در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی در دو سال زراعی 95-1394 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. روش مدیریت علف‌های‌هرز در سه سطح (کنترل تلفیقی (شیمیایی +مکانیکی)، کنترل شیمیایی و شاهد علف‌های‌هرز) به عنوان عامل کرت اصلی و منبع کود نیتروژن در پنج سطح (اوره، آمونیوم سولفات، کلسیم نیترات، آمونیوم نیترات فسفات و شاهد بدون کود) به عنوان عامل کرت فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند.کارایی کنترل تلفیقی نسبت به کنترل شیمیایی در کاهش وزن خشک علفهای هرز، در سال اول و دوم به ترتیب حدود 68 و 57 درصد بیشتر بود که این کارایی بیشتر منجر به افزایش عملکرد نهایی علوفه خشک ذرت حدود 17 و 14 درصد شد.ضمن اینکه مصرف علف‌کش در کنترل تلفیقی نسبت به کنترل شیمیایی، 25 درصد کاهش یافت. بااین وجود کنترل شیمیایی علفهای هرز نیز موجب کاهش 71 و 79 درصدی وزن خشک علفهای هرز نسبت به شاهد علفهای هرز به ترتیب در سال اول و دوم شد. ب ه‌طورکلی بیشترین عملکرد کمی و کیفی علوفه ذرت شامل (عملکرد ماده خشک، عملکرد پروتئین خام و عملکرد ماده خشک قابل‌هضم) با اعمال کنترل تلفیقی علفهای هرز به همراه مصرف کودهای آمونیوم نیترات فسفات و آمونیوم سولفات حاصل شد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کنترل تلفیقی؛ آمونیوم؛ نیترات؛ کیفیت علوفه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effect of weed management and sources of nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative yields of forage maize | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| maryam arianmehr1؛ ali ghanbari2؛ reza ghorbani3؛ Mahdi Nasiri Mahalati4؛ reza khorasani4؛ Ghorban Ali Asadi2 | ||
| 1دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | ||
| 2Faculty member of ferdowsi university | ||
| 3عضو هیات علمی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction Two important factors in producing forage maize (Zea mays L.) are weed control and nitrogen fertilizer management. Low maize yields are typically attributed to low corn growth rate at the beginning of the growing season, wide spacing of plant rows and rapid establishment of weeds. Weeds are a major challenge to row crops and research has usually emphasized on the integrated weed management using chemicals and mechanical control (Chauhan, 2013). In modern agriculture, weed control is primarily done with herbicides due to the effectiveness and ease of use. However, environmental concerns about pollution of groundwater and surface water, have led researchers to focus on integrated weed management and reduced herbicide consumption. On the other, selection of nitrogen fertilizer source may be an important component of weed management. Some studies have investigated nitrogen fertilizer management in order to integrated weed management. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of chemical control and mechanical + chemical control of weeds and different sources of nitrogen fertilizer on weeds control and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage maize. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the growing season of 2015 -2016. The treatments were control methods of weeds including chemical control, integrated control (mechanical+chemical) and weedy control, and the sources of nitrogen fertilizers including urea (U), ammonium sulfate (AS), calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate phosphate (ANP) and no fertilizer (NF). In this study, Kjeldahl method was used to measure nitrogen content of the forage. Crude protein (CP) of forage maize was calculated using the following equation (1). Measurements of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was done based on Van Soest method (1967). The equation (2), proposed by Oddy et al (1983) was used to determine digestible dry matter (DMD). Equation 1: 6.25 × N (%) = CP (%) Equation 2: DMD (%) =83.58 – 0.82 ×ADF(%) + 2.262 × N(%) Results and Discussion The integrated control of weeds reduced dry matter of weeds compared to chemical control by 68% and 57% in the first and second year of the experiment, respectively (50 days after corn planting), leading to increased dry matter yield of maize by 17% and 14%, respectively. Furthermore, in the integrated control, herbicide consumption decreased 25% compared to chemical control. However chemical control of weeds reduced dry matter of weed compared to weedy control by 71% and 79% in the first and second year, respectively. The greatest dry matter yield (DM-Y), dry matter digestible yield (DMD-Y) and crude protein yield (CP-Y) were observed with the integrated control and ANP or AS application (there were no significant differences between ANP and AS fertilizers), while the lowest DM-Y, DMD-Y and CP-Y were obtained with weedy control (there were no significant differences between fertilizers treatment). Conclusion In the integrated control with proper implementation to reduce weed dry matter, not only did increased quantitative and qualitative yield of forage but also herbicide consumption decreased 25% compared to chemical control. Reducing herbicide consumption through integrated weed management will preserve the environment, improve human health and increase product quality and quantity. On the other hand, it seems that (ANP and AS) as nitrogen fertilizer sources are more effective in terms of increasing maize production compared to other nitrogen sources. It can be suggested, using ANP fertilizer that contains both nitrogen forms (nitrate and ammonium) leads to increasing maize yield. Also, assimilation of ammonium requires the low energy and occurs faster than nitrate in plants. This energy savings may lead to greater dry weight production for plants with an ammonium diet. In addition, the sulfur in AS fertilizer as an essential element for plants may improved plant growth and metabolism. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Integrated control, Ammonium, Nitrate, Quality of forage | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abaspour, M., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2003. Critical period of corn weed control in Mashhad conditions. Iranian Agricultural Research, 2(2): 182-195 (In Persian). Amin, M. E. M. H. 2011. Effect of different nitrogen sources on growth, yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 10(1): 17-23. AOAC. 2000. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. Arlington (VA): Association of official analytical chemists. Arun, K. 2002. A Handbook of Organic Farming. Publications, Agrobios, India. p. 1-11. Arzani, H., Motamedi, H., and Zare Chahouki, M. 2010. National project report of forage quality of rangeland species of Iran, Institute of forests, rangelands and watershed, p. 325. Arzani, H., Zohdi, M., Fish, E., Amiri, G. Z., Nikkhah, A., and Wester, D. 2004. Phenological effects on forage quality of five grass species. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 57(6): 624-630. Bazyar, M. 2006. Determining the Best Time and Method of Nitrogen Fertilizer Aplication on Corn in Fasa, Iran. Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2(1):57-72 (In Persian). Bhaskar, A. V., Lovera, K. R., Davies, W., and Cannon, N. 2014. Weed prevalence under organic and low-input cultivation systems. Agronomic decision making in an uncertain climate, 129-134. Carpici, E. B., Celik, N., and Bayram, G. 2010. Yield and quality of forage maize as influenced by plant density and nitrogen rate. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2): 128-132. Cathcart, R. J., and Swanton, C. J. 2004. Nitrogen and green foxtail (Setaria viridis) competition effects on corn growth and development. Weed Science, 52(6): 1039-1049. Chauhan, B. 2013. Effect of tillage systems, seeding rates, and herbicides on weed growth and grain yield in dry-seeded rice systems in the Philippines. Crop Protection, 54: 244-250. Dalga, D. 2016. Weed dynamics and yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to weed management and nitrogen fertilizer rates in Southern Ethiopia. Scientia, 16(1): 8-19. Dehghanpour, Z. 2014. Instructions for planting, harvesting and harvesting maize. on the order of Agricultural Research Organization, Seed and Seedling Research Institute. First Press, Agricultural Education Publications, Karaj. 100 p (In Persian). Di Tomaso, J. M. 1995. Approaches for improving crop competitiveness through the manipulation of fertilization strategies. Weed Science, 43(3): 491-497. Fan, X., Naz, M., Fan, X., Xuan, W., Miller, A. J., and Xu, G. 2017. Plant nitrate transporters: from gene function to application. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68, 2463–2475. Fathi, G.H., Ebrahimpour, F., and Siyadat, S. A., 2003. Effectiveness of several chemical and mechanical methods for weed control in maize sc.704 in ahwaz. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 34(1):187-197 (In Persian). Fernandes J. C., García-Angulo, P., Goulao, L. F., Acebes, J. L., and Amâncio, S. 2013. Mineral stress_ affects the cell wall composition of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) callus. Plant Science. Available at web: 205–206, 111–120. 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.01.013. (accessed 6 February 2013). Ghanbari, A., Afshari, M., and Mohammadabadi, A. A. 2011. Estimation of weed competition in maize (Zea mays L.) by using function of inverse weight of individual plants and relative leaf area of weeds. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(3): 428-437 (In Persian). Gianquinto, G., Sambo, P., and Pimpini, F. 2002. The use of SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter for dynamically optimising the nitrogen supply in potato crop: first results. XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Toward Ecologically Sound Fertilization Strategies for Field Vegetable Production 627: 217-224. Handa, S., Warren, H., Huber, D., and Tsai, C. 1984. Nitrogen nutrition and seedling development of normal and opaque-2 maize genotypes. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 64(4): 885-894. Harbur, M. M., and Owen, M. D. 2004. Response of three annual weeds to corn population density and nitrogen fertilization timing. Weed Science, 52(5): 845-853. Huffman, J. 1989. Effects of enhanced ammonium nitrogen availability for corn. Journal of Agronomy Education, 18(2): 93-97. Jarvis, S. 1996. Future trends in nitrogen research. progress in nitrogen cycling studies, Plant and Soil, 181:47-56. Jung, P. E., Peterson, L., and Schrader, L. 1972. Response of irrigated corn to time, rate, and source of applied nitrogen on Sandy Soils. Agronomy Journal 64(5): 668-670. Kaur, G., and Goyal, M. 2017. Effect of growth stages and fertility levels on growth, yield and quality of fodder oats (Avena sativa L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 9(3): 1287-1296. Kazeroni Monfared, A., Kochaki, A., Nasiri mahalati, M., and Eqbali, Sh. 2006. The effect of single and integrated weed management on density and biomass of narrow leaf weeds and tomato biomass. Iranian Agricultural Research, 4(2): 291-300 (In Persian). Kim, D., Marshall, E., Caseley, J., and Brain, P. 2006. Modelling interactions between herbicide and nitrogen fertiliser in terms of weed response. Weed Research, 46(6): 480-491. Leblanc, M., Cloutier, D., and Leroux, G. 1995. Reduced use of herbicides in maize through herbicide banding combined with cultivations. Agronomy Journal, 87: 273-280. Lindquist, J. L., Evans, S. P., Shapiro, C. A., and Knezevic, S. Z. 2010. Effect of nitrogen addition and weed interference on soil nitrogen and corn nitrogen nutrition. Weed Technology, 24(1): 50-58. Lorzadeh, S.H., Enayat Gholi, M., and Chaab, A. 2010. Evaluation of integrated (chemical + mechanical) weed management efficiency in maize Sc.704. Crop Physiology, 7(3): 3-18 (In Persian). Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 2nd Edition, German. Meychik, N., Nikolaeva, Y. I., and Kushunina, M. 2017. Effect of nitrogen deficiency on the ion-exchange properties of cell wall polymers from wheat roots. Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin, 72(2): 74-78. Minson, D., Cowan, T., and Havilah, E. 1993. Northern dairy feedbase 2001. 1. Summer pastures and crops. Tropical Grasslands, 27(3): 131-149. Mustafavi Rad, M., Mahmoodi, V. R., and Tahmasebi sarvestani, Z. 2007. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer forms on dry matter remobilization, yield and some of agronomic traits of three wheat cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 13(6): 57-67. NaghinZadeh, M., and Gelavi, M. 2010. Evaluation of forage quality in maize and lathyrus sativus with application types of phosphorus fertilizers. Agricultural Ecology, 4(1): 52-62 (In Persian). Nelson, K. A., Nash, P. R., and Dudenhoeffer, C. J. 2013. Effect of nitrogen source and weed management systems on no-till corn yields. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(8): 87. Oddy, V., Robards, G., and Low, S. 1983. Prediction of in vivo dry matter digestibility from the fibre and nitrogen content of a feed. Feed information and animal production: proceedings of the second symposium of the International Network of Feed Information Centres/edited by GE Robards and RG Packham, Farnham Royal, Slough [Buckingham]: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, c1983. Pannacci, E., and Tei, F. 2014. Effects of mechanical and chemical methods on weed control, weed seed rain and crop yield in maize, sunflower and soyabean. Crop Protection, 64: 51-59. Randawa, M., Cheema, Z. A., and Anjam, M. 2002. Influence of triantema portulacastrum infestation and nitrogen on quality of maize grain. International Journal of Agronomy and Biological Science, 4(4): 513-514. Rasby, R., Martin, J. 2019. Understanding Feed Analysis, Available at web: https://beef.unl.edu/learning/feedanalysis.shtml; Internet; (accessed 11 November 2019). Rendig, V., Oputa, C., and Mc Comb, E. 1976. Effects of sulfur deficiency on non-protein nitrogen, soluble sugars, and N/S ratios in young corn (Zea mays L.) plants. Plant and Soil, 44(2): 423-437. Resurreccion, A. P., Makino, A., Bennett, J., and Mae, T. 2001. Effects of sulfur nutrition on the growth and photosynthesis of rice. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 47(3): 611-620. Safdarian, M., Razmjoo, J., and Dehnavi, M. M. 2014. Effect of nitrogen sources and rates on yield and quality of silage corn. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37(4): 611-617. Salsac, L. 1987. Nitrate and ammonium nutrition in plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 25: 805-812. Schans, D., and Weide, R. 1999. Weed control in maize with combine mechanical control and low application rates of herbicids. Bulletin Akkerbouw, 9-11. Simpson, E., Cooke, R. J., and Davies, D. D. 1981. Measurement of protein degradation in leaves of Zea mays using [3H] acetic anhydride and tritiated water. Plant Physiology, 67(6): 1214-1219. Snyman, L., and Joubert, H. W. 1996. Effect of maturity stage and method of preservation on the yield and quality of forage sorghum. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 57(1-2): 63-73. Soltani, A. 2010. Revising the Use of Statistical Methods in Agricultural Research. Second edition, Mashhad University Academic Jahad, Mashhad. p. 76. (In Persian). Spreer, W., Nagle, M., Neidhart, S., Carle, R., Ongprasert, S., and Müller, J. 2007. Effect of regulated deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying on the quality of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L., cv.‘Chok Anan’). Agricultural Water Management, 88(1-3): 173-180. Strydhorst, S. M., King, J. R., Lopetinsky, K. J., and Harker, K. N. 2008. Forage potential of intercropping barley with faba bean, lupin, or field pea. Agronomy Journal, 100(1): 182-190. Subedi, K. and Ma, B. 2009. Assessment of some major yield-limiting factors on maize production in a humid temperate environment. Field Crops Research, 110(1): 21-26. Svečnjak, Z., Barić, K., Maćešić, D., Duralija, B., and Gunjača, J. 2009. Integrated weed management for maize crop in Croatia. Bulletin University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Agriculture 66:505-512. Szulc, P., Bocianowski, J., Kruczek, A., Szymańska, G., and Roszkiewicz, R. 2013. Response of two cultivar types of maize (Zea mays L.) expressed in protein content and its yield to varied soil resources of N and Mg and a form of nitrogen fertilizer. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22(6): 1845-1853. Temme, D., Harvey, R., Fawcett, R., and Young, A. 1979. Effects of Annual Weed Control on Alfalfa Forage Quality1. Agronomy Journal, 71(1): 51-54. Teyker, R., Hoelzer, H., and Liebl, R. 1991. Maize and pigweed response to nitrogen supply and form. Plant and Soil, 135(2): 287-292. Ven soest, P. 1967. Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. Determination of plant cell wall constituents. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 50: 50-55. Vengris, J., Colby, W. G., and Drake, M. 1955. Plant Nutrient Competition Between Weeds and Corn 1. Agronomy Journal, 47(5): 213-216. Verma, B., Virdia, H., and Kumar, D. 2017. Effect of Integrated Weed Management on Yield, Quality and Economics of Summer Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(8): 1630-1636. Yin, X., and Vyn, T. J. 2005. Relationships of isoflavone, oil, and protein in seed with yield of soybean. Agronomy Journal, 97(5): 1314-1321. Zarin kaviani, B., Zeidali, E., Moradi, R., and Zarin kaviani, K. 2019. Evaluation of the effect of integrated weed management on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn, weed density and biomass under Dehloran climatic condition. Applied Research in Field Crops, 31(4): 129-150 (in Persian) Zhao, J. 2006. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on spearmint. Essential oil Research Journal, 18: 452-455. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 675 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 487 |
||