| تعداد نشریات | 285 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 83 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,084 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,416 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 48,669,590 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 79,221,058 |
تغییرات ترکیب گیاهی در شدت های مختلف چرای دام در جنگل بلوط دالاب استان ایلام | ||
| تحقیقات مرتع و بیابان ایران | ||
| مقاله 11، دوره 25، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 70، فروردین 1397، صفحه 116-128 اصل مقاله (256.05 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijrdr.2018.116230 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حمید رضا میرداودی* 1؛ وحید اعتماد2؛ محمدرضا مروی مهاجر3؛ قوام الدین زاهدی امیری3 | ||
| 1استادیار پژوهشی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مرکزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اراک، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| 3استاد گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| چرای دام یکی از مهمترین عوامل در فراهم نمودن شرایط محیطی برای تغییر در ترکیب گونه‌ای، ساختار و کارکردهای اکوسیستم‌ها می‌باشد. جنگل‌های غرب ایران نیز به عنوان یکی از اکوسیستم‌های ارزشمند از این تهدید مستثی نبوده و ضروری است جنبه‌های مختلف این پدیده در این اکوسیستم‌ها مورد مطالعه قرار گیرد. بدین منظور اطلاعات مربوط به پوشش گیاهی، خاک و سایر متغییرهای محیطی در کف جنگل دالاب در استان ایلام با استفاده از 53 قطعه نمونه (16×16 متری) به روش تصادفی در شدت‌های مختلف چرای دام برداشت شد. برای طبقه‌بندی گروه گونه‌های اکولوژیک از روش آنالیز دو طرفه گونه‌های شاخص، برای تعیین گونه‌های معرف هر کلاس از آنالیز گونه‌های شاخص و برای مشخص کردن ارتباط گروه‌های گیاهی با عوامل مختلف مورد بررسی از روش رسته‌بندی تحلیل تطبیقی متعارفیاستفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که چرای دام در کنار فاکتورهای توپوگرافی، خاک و نور رسیده به کف جنگل به عنوان تاثیر گذارترین عوامل بر ترکیب گیاهی شناخته شدند. چرای دام با بیان 2/11 درصد از تغییرات موجود در گونه‌های گیاهی، بیشترین تاثیر را در ایجاد تغییر در فلور کف جنگل داشت. افزایش چرای دام عمدتاً باعث افزایش فراوانی گونه‌های غیر خوشخوراک و مقاوم به چرای دام و کوبیدگی خاک و همچنین افزایش گونه‌های یکساله مانند Bromus tectorum، Picnomon acarna، Minuartia picta ، Rochelia disperma، Holesteum umbellatum، Lophocloa phloridesو Valerianellavesicaria شده است. این گونه‌ها بر اساس تراکم، حضور و منابع موجود به عنوان مهاجم شناخته شدند. از طرفی به نظر می‌رسد گسترش گونه‌های خوشخوراکی نظیر Vicia sativa،Trifolium physodes، Lens cyanea،Lathyrusinconspicaus در سایت چرای متوسط، مبین نقش چرای متعادل دام در حفظ مناسب ترکیب گونه‌های گیاهی درمراتع است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ایران؛ جنگل‌های بلوط؛ شدت چرای دام؛ رسته بندی؛ گونه‌های مهاجم | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Plant composition changes along a livestock grazing intensity gradient in Daalaab Park oak woodland of Ilam | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hamidreza Mirdavoudi1؛ Vahid Etemad2؛ Mohammadreza Mohajer3؛ Ghavamoddin Zahedi Amiri3 | ||
| 1Department of Natural Resources, Markazi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Arak, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
| 3Professor, Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Grazing is one of the most important factors in providing environmental conditions for change in species composition, structure and function of ecosystems. West oak woodlands of Iran as a valuable ecosystem are not immune from this threat. Therefore, it is essential to study the various aspects of this phenomenon in these ecosystems. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of relative grazing intensity on vegetation characteristics in an oak forest dominated by Quercus brantii. The research was conducted in Dalab Park, located in Ilam province, west of Iran. Information of vegetation, soil and other environmental variables were collected from 53 sample plots (16×16 m) using the random sampling method in various disturbances classes. Two-way indicator species analysis was used for classification of the ecological groups. Indicator species analysis was used to determine indicator species in each class and canonical correspondence analysis to identify the relationship between factors and the plant groups studied. The results showed that the grazing as well as soil, topographic factors and the light reaching to the forest floor was identified as the most influential factors on plant composition. Grazing explained the highest percentage of variance (11.2%) in floristic composition and caused an increased frequency of non-palatable species and resistant species to grazing and soil compaction as well as increasing of annuals including Bromus tectorum, Picnomon acarna, Minuartia picta, Rochelia disperma, Holesteum umbellatum, Lophocloa phlorides, and Valerianella vesicaria. These species were identified as invasive species based on density, abundance, and available resources. On the other hand, it seems that the spread of palatable species such as Vicia sativa,Trifolium physodes, Lens cyanea, and Lathyrus inconspicaus in the moderate grazing site indicates the role of balanced livestock grazing in maintaining the proper species composition in rangelands. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| grazing intensity, Invader species, Iran, Oak woodlands, ordination | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- Arekhi, S., Heydari, M. and Pourbabaei, H., 2010. Vegetation-environmental relationships and ecological species groups of the Ilam oak forest landscape, Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(2): 115-125. - Asri, Y., 2005. Ecology of vegetation. Payam Noor University Publisher, Iran, 209p. - Augustine, D. J. and McNaughton, S. J, 1998. Ungulate effects on the functional species composition of plant communities: herbivore selectivity and plant tolerance. Journal of Wild life Management, 62: 1165-1183. - Basiri, R. and Karami, P., 2006. The use of diversity indices to assess the plant diversity in Marivan, Chenareh forests. Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 13(5):163-172 - Biaou, S. H., Sterck, I. F. J. and Holmgren, M., 2009. Tree recruitment in West African dry woodlands. The interactive effects of climate, soil, fire and grazing. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 182p. - Bouahim, S., Rhazi, L., Amami, B., Sahib, N., Rhazi, M., Waterkeyn, A., Zouahri, A., Mesleard, F., Muller, S.D. and Grillas, P., 2010. Impact of grazing on the species richness of plant communities in Mediterranean temporary pool (western Morocco). Comptes Rendus Bioloies, 333:670-679. - Blackburn, T. M., Pyšek, P., Bacher, S., Carlton6, J. T., Duncan R. P., Jarošĭk, V., Wilson, J. R. U. and Richardson, D. M., 2011. A proposed unified framework for biological invasions Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 26(7):333- 339. - Carcey Hincz, P. A. and Diaz Aguilar, I., 2011. Impact of grazing on soil mesofauna diversity and community composition in deciduous forested rangelands of northwest Alberta. 23p. - Crawley, M. J. 1997. Plant ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 736 p. - Dahlgren, R. A., Singer, M. J. and Huang, X., 1997. Oak tree and grazing impacts on soil properties and nutrients in California oak woodland.Biogeochemistry, 39: 45–64. - Debrot, A. O. and de Freitas, J. A., 1993. A comparison of ungrazed and livestock-grazed rock vegetation in Curacao. Bitropica, 25: 270- 280. - Dufrene, M. and Legendre, P., 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach, Ecological Monographs, 67:345- 366. - Ejtehadi, H., Akkafi, H. and Ghorshi Alhoseini, J., 2002. Comparison of numerical indicators of diversity at two sites with different grazing management. Iranian Journal of Biology, 13(4):49-58. - Ewell, J. J., O, Dowad, D. J., Bergelson, J., Daehler, C. C., Antonion, C. M., Gomes. L. D., Gordon, D. R., Hobbs, R. J., Holt, A., Hopper, K. R., Hughes, C. E., LaHart, M., Leakey, R. R. B., Wong, W. G., Loope, L. L., Lorence, D. H., Louda, S. M., Lugo, A. E., McEvoy, P. B., Richardson, D. M. and Vitousek, P. M., 1999. Deliberate introductions of species: Research needs- Benefits can be reaped, but risks are high. Bioscience, 49(8):619- 630. - Godefroid, S. and Koedam, N., 2004. Interspecific variation in Soil compaction sensitivity among forest floor species. Biological Conservation, 119: 207- 217. - Godefroid, S., Phartyal, S. S., Weyembergh, G. and Koedam, N., 2005. Ecological factors controlling the abundance of non- native invasive black cherry ( - Prunus serotina) in deciduous forest understory in Belgium. Forest Ecology and Management 210, 91- 105. - Grime, J. P., Hodgson, J. G., Hunt, R., 2007. Comparative Plant Ecology a functional approach to commom British species. Castlepoint Press, Dalbeattie, 762p. - Gurarni, D., Arya, N., Yadava, A., and Ram, J., 2010. Studies on plant biodiversity of pure Pinus Roxburghii Sarg. Forest and mixed Pine-Oak Forest in Uttarakhand Himalaya. New York Science Journal, 3(8):1-5. - Heydari, M. and Mahdavi, A., 2009. The survey of plant species diversity and richness between ecological species groups (Zagros ecosystem, Ilam). Journal of Applied Sciences 9: 745- 751. - Keeley, J. E., Lubin D., Fortheringham C. J., 2003. Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and alien plant invasions in the Southern Sierra Nevada. Ecological Application, 13(5): 1355- 1374. - Kyriazopoulos, A. P., Abraham, E. M., Parissi, Z. M., Korakis G. and Abas, Z., 2010.Floristic diversity of an open coppice oak forest as affected by grazing. Options Méditerranéennes, A no. 92:247- 250. - Lososová, Z., Chytrý, Š., Cimalová, Z., Kropáč, Z., Otýpková, P., Pyšek, S. and Tichý, L., 2004. Weed vegetation of arable land in Central Europe: Gradients of diversity and species composition. Journal of Vegetation Science, 15: 414-422. - Martin, P. H., Canham, C. D. and Marks P. L., 2009. Why forests appear resistant to exotic plant invasions: intentional introduction, stand dynamics and the role of shade tolerance. Journal of Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 7:142- 149. - McCune, B. and Mefford, M. J., 1999. Multivariate analysis of ecological data. Version 4.17, MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA, 233p. - Mirdavoodi, H., Marvie Mohadjer, M., Davis, M., Zahedi Amiri, G., Etemad, V., Zandi Esfahan, E., 2015. Are disturbances altering the species composition of Iranian oak woodland?. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences. 6(1), 499-510. - Mozaffarian, V., 2009. Flora of Ilam. Farhang Press.Tehran, 700p. - Naaf, T. and Wulf, M., 2007. Effects of gap size, light and herbivory on the herb layer vegetation in european beech forest gap. Forest Ecology and Management, 244:141-149. - Papanikolaou , A. D., Fyllas, N. M., Mazaris, A. D., Dimitrakopoulos , P.G., Kallimanis, A. S. and Pantis, J. D., 2011. Grazing effects on plant functional group diversity in Mediterranean shrub lands. Biodivers Conserv, Published Online, 13p. - Pourbabaei, H., Heydari, M. and Najafifar, A., 2010. The relationship between plant diversity and physiographic factors in Ghalarang protected area. Ecology Environment Conservation, 16(4):1-7. - Raunkier, C., 1934. The life form of plants and statistical plant geography, Oxford. In:Phytosociology. Atri, M. 1997. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, 384p. - Shakeri, Z., 2012. Invasive plants following disturbances in Fagus orientalis communities in the Caspian forests, North of Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 105p. - Sheley, R. L. and Petroff, J. K., 1999. Biology and management of noxious rangeland weeds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, 464p. - Simberloff, D. and Rejmanek, M., 2011. Encyclopoedia of biological invasions. University of California Press, Los Angeles, 792p. - Ter Braak, C. J. F. and Smilauer, P., 2012. Canoco 4.99, Software for multivariate data exploration, Trial version. - Valipour, A., Plieninger, T., Shakeri, Z., Ghazanfari, H., Namiranian, M. and Lexer, M. J., 2014. Traditional silvopastoral management and its effects on forest stand structure in northern Zagros, Iran. Journal of Forest Ecology and Management 327:221–230. - Van Uytvanck, J. and Hoffmann, M., 2009. Impact of grazing management with large herbivores on Forest ground flora and bramble understory. Acta Oecologica, 35: 523- 532. - Vavra, M., Paks, C. G. and Wisdom, M. J., 2007. Biodiversity, exotic plant species, and herbivory: The good, the bad, and the ungulate. Forest Ecology and Management, 246: 66- 72. - Wassie, A., Sterck, F. J., Teketay, D. and Bongers, F., 2009. Effect of livestock exclusion on tree regeneration in church forests of Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management, 257: 765- 772. - Zobeiri, M., 2007. Forest biometry. Faculty of natural resources, university of Tehran, Iran. 405p. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 594 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 455 |
||