| تعداد نشریات | 286 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 84 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,028 |
| تعداد مقالات | 33,882 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 45,253,427 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 60,282,741 |
بررسی اثرات بیمارگری سه نوع نوکلئوپلی هیدرو ویروس، Spodoptera littoralis NPV، Helicoverpa armigera NPV و Spodoptera litura NPV روی مراحل زیستی پروانه برگخوار مصری پنبه Spodoptera littoralis | ||
| آفات و بیماری های گیاهی | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 85، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 105، اسفند 1396، صفحه 203-218 اصل مقاله (453.81 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مدیریت آفات و بیماری‌های گیاهی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/jaep.2018.109796.1158 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| زهرا معقولی فرد1؛ شهرام حسامی* 2؛ رسول مرزبان3؛ غلامرضا صالحی جوزانی4 | ||
| 11- دانشجوی PhD، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات فارس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، فارس، ایران؛ 2- دانشجوی PhD، گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران | ||
| 2استادیار، گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران | ||
| 3دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی (AREEO)، تهران، ایران | ||
| 4استاد، بخش تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژی میکروبی، پژوهشکده بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی ایران (ABRII)، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی (AREEO)، کرج، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در این تحقیق قدرت بیمارگری سه ویروس Spodoptera littoralis NPV، Helicoverpa armigera NPV و Spodoptera litura NPV در سه غلظت مختلف 10۲×6، 104×6 و ۱۰۶×۶ OB در میلی‌لیتر روی لاروهای ۵ روزه کرم برگخوار مصری پنبه (Spodoptera littoralis) در دمای ۲5 درجه سلسیوس روی غذای مصنوعی بررسی شد. بیشترین طول دوره لاروی با 19.7 روز مربوط به ویروس H. armigera در غلظت ۱۰۴×6 OB در میلی‌لیتر بود که با بقیه تیمارها اختلاف معنی دار داشت. در ویروس S. littoralis NPV در غلظت 104×6 OBدر میلی‌لیتر، کمترین درصد شفیره شدن (10 درصد) مشاهده شد. ویروس S. littoralis NPV در غلظت‌های 10۲×6 و 10۴×6 OB در میلی‌لیتر کمترین وزن شفیرگی با 18.3 و 13.8 میلی‌گرم را داشت. در جدایه S. littoralis NPV، در غلظت ۱۰۴×۶ OB در میلی‌لیتر کمترین درصد خروج حشره کامل با 6.7 درصد مشاهده شد. مؤثرترین ویروس برای کنترل مراحل مختلف زیستی این آفت،S. littoralis NPV بود. LC50 جدایه S. littoralis NPV روی لاروهای ۵ روزه پروانه برگخوار مصری پنبه، ۱۰۲×7OB در میلی‌لیتر محاسبه شد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| باکولوویروس‌ها؛ قدرت بیمارگری؛ کرم برگخوار مصری پنبه؛ ویروس‌های بیمارگر حشرات | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Pathogenic effects of three Nucleopolyhedrovirus, Spodoptera littoralis NPV, Helicoverpa armigera NPV, Spodoptera litura NPV on life stages of Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Z. MAGHOLIFARD1؛ SH. HESAMI2؛ R. MARZBAN3؛ GH. SALEHI JOUZANI4 | ||
| 1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shiraz branch, Islamic Azad University | ||
| 3Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP) | ||
| 4Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Biosaftey , Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| In this study, pathogenicity of three virus isolates, Spodoptera littoralis NPV, Helicoverpa armigera NPV, Spodoptera litura NPV was evaluated in three different concentrations of 6× 102, 6× 104, 6×106 OBml-1 on 5-day-old larvae of Egyptian cotton leafworm, S. littoralis at 25 ˚C on artificial diet. The highest larval duration was observed in concentration of 6×104 OBml-1 H. armigera NPV with 19.7 days which had a significant difference with other treatments. S. littoralis NPV in concentrarion of 6×104 had the lowest percentage of pupal rate (10%) and lowest pupal weight in concentrarions of 6×102 and 6×104 OBml-1 (18.3 and 13.8 mg, respectively). The lowest adult emergence (6.7%) was observed in S. littoralis NPV isolate with 6×104 OBml-1 concentration. S. littoralis NPV was most effective virus for controlling various biological stages of this pest. The LC50 of S. littoralis NPV isolate on 5-day-old larvae of Egyptian cotton leafwormwas determined to be 7×102 OBmL-1 | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Baculoviruses, Egyptian cotton leafworm, pathogenicity, Insect pathogenic viruses | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
ABBOTT, W. S. 1925. A method for computing the effective- ness of an insecticide, Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265-267.
ABD EL MAGEED, A. E. M. and S. M. SHALABY, 2011. Toxicity and biochemical impacts of some new insecticide mixtures on cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), Plant Protection Science, 47: 166-175.
AHMAD, T. R. 1988. Field studies on sex pheromone trapping of cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Journal of Applied Entomology, 105: 212-215.
AIZAWA, K. 1963. The nature of infections caused by nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. In “Insect Pathology: An Advanced Treatise” (E. A. Steinhaus, ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 381-412. Academic Press, New York.
ALFAZAIRY, A. A., A. M. D. EL-AHWANY, E. A. MOHAMED, H. A. H. ZAGHLOUL and E. R. EL-HELOW, 2013. Microbial control of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) by Egyption Bacillus thuringiensis isolates, Folia Microbialogica, 58: 155-162.
ARNE, C. N. and G. L. NORDIN, 1995. Enhancement of indinces of viral infection by simultaneously administering Helicoverpa zea and Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis viruses to larval Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 66: 18-24.
ARRIZUBIETA, M., T. WILLIAM, P. CABALLERO and O. SIMON, 2014. Selection of a nucleopolygedrovirus isolate from Helicoverpa armigera as the basis for a biological insecticide, Pest Management Science, 70(6): 967-976.
BONSALL, M. B. 2004. Impact of diseases and pathogens on insect population dynamics, Physiological Entomology, 29: 223-236.
BROWN, E. S. and C. F. DEWHURST, 1975. The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in África and the Near East, Bulletin Research, 65: 221-262.
CARTER, D. 1984. Pest Lepidoptera of Europe with special reference to the British Isles. Junk Pulisher, Dordrehct, The Nertherlands.
CATENA, A. B., A. S. MIRÓN, F. G. CAMACHO, A. C. GÓMEZ and E. M. GRIMA, 2014. Baculovirus biopesticides: An overview, The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24: 362-373.
CHAEYCHOMSRI, S. 2015. Characterization of the Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus during serial passage in cell culture, Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies, 2(1): 63-70.
CROSS, J. V., D. WINSTANELY, N. S. NAISH, HEITON, G. KEANE, R. VAN WEZEL and D. GAKEK, 2005. Semiochemical driven auto-dissemination of Cydia pomonella and Adoxophyes orana baculoviruses, IOBC Bull, 28: 319-324.
DUNCAN, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests, Biometrics, 11: l-42.
EL-GUIDNY, M. A., S. M. MADI, M. E. KEDDIS, Y. H. ISSA and M. M. ABDEL-SATTAR, 1982. Development of resistance to pyrethroids in field populations of the Egyptian cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), International Pest Control, 124: 6–16.
EL-HELALY, A. A. and H. M. EL-BENDARY, 2013. Impact of Spinosad and Nucleopolyhedro virus Alone and in Combination against the Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera littoralis under labratory, Applied Science Reports, 2(1): 17-21.
EL-ZEMAITY, M. S., W. M. EL-DEEB, Y. A. OSMAN and A. I. HUSSIEN, 2003. Develoment of resistance of Spodoptera littoralis to certain bioinsecticides, Journal of inveronmental Sciences, 6: 793-810.
ERAYYA, J. JAGDISH, P. K. SAJEESH and V. UPADHYAY, 2013. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV), A Potential Biopesticide: A Review. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 1(8): 30-33.
FAHIMI, A., A. KHARAZI PAKDEL, R. TALAEI HASSANLOUI, M. R. REZAPANAH and F. MALEKI, 2008. Evaluation of the effect of MbNPV on cabbage moth, Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae), in laboratory conditions, Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran, 28 (1): 63-74.
FEDERICI, B. A. 1997. Baculovirus Pathogenesis. University of California at Riverside, Department of Entomology and Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Genetics, Riverside California.
GIFANI, A., R. MARZBAN, A. SEIFKORDI, M. ARDJMAND and A. DEZIANIAN, 2015. Ultraviolet protection of nucleopolyhedrovirus through microencapsulation with different polymers, Biocontrol Science and Techology, 25(7): 814-827.
GRZYWACZ, D., A. RICHARDS, R. J. RABINDRA, H. SAXENA and O. P. RUPELA, 2005. Efficacy of biopesticides and natural plant products for Heliothis/Helicoverpa control. In:Sharma, H.C. (Ed.), Heliothis/Helicoverpa Management - Emerging Trends and Strategies for Future Research. Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, pp.371-389.
HARRISON, R. and K. HOOVER, 2012. Baculoviruses and other occluded insect viruses. In: Vega, F., Kaya, H. (Eds.), Insect Pathology Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 73-131.
HATEM, A. E., S. S. M. ABDEL-SAMAD, H. A. SALEH, M. H. A. SOLIMAN and A. I. HUSSIEN, 2009a. Toxicologycal and physiological activity of plant extracts againts Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal Plangas, 35: 517-531.
HATEM, A. E., H. B. HOMAM, R. A. M. AMER, S. S. M. ABDEL-SAMAD, H. A. SALEH and A. I. HUSSIEN, 2009b. Synergistic activity of several acids in binary mixtures with synergistic insecticides on Spodoptra littoralis (Boisduval), Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal Plangas, 35: 533-542.
HATEM, A. E., H. K. ALDEBIS and E. V. OSUNA, 2011. Effects of Spodoptera littoralis granulovirus on the development and reproduction of cotton leafworm, S.littoralis, Biological Control, 59: 192-199.
HATEM, A. E., A. M. AMER. REDA and E. VARGAS-OSUNA, 2012. Combination effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin and nucleopolyhedrovirus or granulovirus of Spodoptera littoralis on cotton leafworm, Eyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 22(2): 115-120.
HUNTER-FUJITA, F., P. F. ENTWISTLE, H. F. EVANS, and N. E. CROOK, 1998. Insect Viruses and Pest Management, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. West Sussex. UK. 620 pp.
JAYARAJ, S. and R. J. RABINDRA, 1990. Microbial control and integrated pest management. Proceedings of Indo USSR Joint Workshop on Problems and Potentials of Biocontrol of Pests and Diseases, Bangalore, pp. 263-387.
JEYARANI, S., R. J. RABINDRA, N. SATHIAH, P. KARUPPACHAMY and S. SUBRAMANIAN, 2007. Efficacy of spiracular infection of Helicoverpa armigera with its nucleopolyhedrovirus and its role in virus production, Journal of Virological Methods, 142: 213-217.
JONES, K. A., N. S. IRVING, G. MOAWAD, D. GRZYWACZ, A. HAMID and A. FARGHALY, 1994. Field trials with NPV to control Spodoptera littoralis on cotton in Egypt, Crop Protection. 13: 337-340.
KALANTARI, M., R. MARZBAN, S. IMANI and H. ASKARI, 2013. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis isolate and single nuclear polyhedrosis virus in combination and alone on Helicoverpa armigera, Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 47(1): 42-50.
KALANTARI, M., R. MARZBAN, Z. MAGOLLIFARD, and H. ABBASIPOUR, 2014. Study of virulence and molecular characteristics of some Bacillus thuringiensis isolates on cotton bollworm and diamondback moth, Biocontrol in Plant Protection, 1(2): 17-26.
KHAMISS, O., J. GIANNOTTI, G. FEDIERE, X. LERY, and A. NOUR-EL-DIN, 1998. Characterization of two Egyptian isolates of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Granulovirus from natural infestation in Egypt. In: Proceeding of the First Regional Symposium for Applied Biological control in Mediterranean Countries", Cairo, Egypt, October 25-29, 1998 (M.Canard, and V.Beyssat-Arnaouty, Eds.), pp.17-21.Toulouse, France.
KHODAVERDI, H., A. SAHRAGARD, M. AMIR MOAFI, and J. MOHAGHEGH NEYSHABOURI, 2010. A Study on the demographic parameters of Egyptian Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (B.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) fed on artificial diet and under laboratory conditions, Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science,1(49): 61-69.
KUMAR, S. N., K. MURUGAN and W. ZHANG, 2008. Additive interaction of Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus and Azadirachtin, Biological Control, 53:869-880.
LACEY, L. A., D. GRZYWACZ, D. I. SHAPIRO-ILAN, R. FRUTOS, M. BROWNBRIDGE and M. S. GOETTEL, 2015. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future, Journal of Invertebrate pathology, 132: 1-41.
MAEDA, S., Y. MUKOHARA and A. KONDO, 1990. Characteristically distinct isolates of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus from Spodoptera litura, Journal of General Virology, 71: 2631-2639.
MAGHOLLI, Z., R. MARZBAN, H. ABBASIPOUR, A. SHIKHI, and J. KARIMI, 2013. Interaction effects of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and single nuclear polyhedrosis virus on Plutella xylostella, Journal of Plant Diseases and protection, 120: 173-178.
MAGHOLLI, Z., H. ABBASIPOUR and R. MARZBAN, 2014. Effect of Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus (HaNPV) on the larvae of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Plant Protection Science, 4: 184-189.
MARZBAN, R., Q. HE, X. LIU and Q. ZHANG, 2009. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (HaCPV) on cotton bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 101: 71-76.
MARZBAN, R. 2012. Midgut pH profile and energy differences in lipid, protein and glycogen metabolism of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin and Cypovirus-infected Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Journal of Entomological Research Society, 14: 45-53.
MARZBAN, R., Q. HE, Q. W. ZHANG and X. X. LIU, 2013. Histopathology of Cotton bollworm midgut infected with Helicoverpa armigera Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44(4): 1231-1236.
MASETTI, A., V. DELUIGI and G. BURGIO, 2008. Effect of nucleopolyhedrovirus based product on Spodoptera littoralis, Bulletin of Insectology, 61(2): 299-302.
MCKINLEY, D. J., G. MOAWAD, K. A. JONES, D. GRZYWACZ and C. R. TURNER, 1989. The development of nuclear polyhedrosis virus for the control of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) in cotton. In: Green, M. B., Lyon, D.J. de B. (Eds.), Pest Management in Cotton. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK, pp. 93–100.
MILLES, M. and M. LYSANDROU, 2002. Evidence for negative cross resistance to insecticides in field collected Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) from Lebanon in laboratory bioassays. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent, 67: 665-669.
MOSCARDI, F. 1999. Assessment of the application of baculovirus of Lepidoptera, Annual Review of Entomology, 44: 257-289.
MOSHTAGHI- MALEKI, F. 2003. The effect of temperature on virulence of Helicoverpa armigera multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in laboratory. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Guilan. P:104. (Persian with English abstract).
MOUSSA, M. A., M. A. ZAHER and F. KOTBY, 1960. Abundance of cotton leafworm,Prodenia litura (F) , in relation to host plantes. I. Host plants and their effect on biology (Lepidoptera: Agrotidae. Zenobiinae), Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, 44: 241-245.
MUTHUSWAMI, M., R. J. RABINDRA and S. JAYARAJ, 1993. Use of baculovirus mixture for the control of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura on Groundnut, Journal of Biological Control, 7: 105-108.
NATHAN, S. S., K. KALAIVANI and P. G. CHUNG, 2005. The effects of azadirachtin and nucleopolyhedrovirus on midgut enzymatic profile of Spodoptera littoralis Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 83: 46-57.
NAVON, A. 1985. Spodoptera littoralis. PP. 469-475. In Singh, P. and Moore, R. F. (eds.) Handbook of Insect Rearing. Elsivire. Amesterdam.
PINEDA, S., M. I. SCHENEIDER, G. SMAGGHE, A. M. MARTINEZ, P. DELESTAL, E. VINUELA, J. VALLE and F. BUDIA, 2007. Lethal and sublethal effects of Methoxyfenozide and Spinosad on Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, 100: 773-7800.
RABIE, M. M., A. A. SERAJ, R. TALAEI HASSANLOUI, and H. RAHIMI, 2011. A laboratory investigation on the Effect of MbNPV and Indoxacarb Against the Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera Exigua (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae, Plant Protection (Scientific Journal Of Agriculture), 34(1): 81-89.
RAVISHANKAR, B. S. and M. G. VENKATESHA, 2010. Effectiveness of SlNPV of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different host plants, Journal of Biopesticides, 3(1): 168-171.
REZAPANAH, M. R., A. KHARAZI PAKDEL, K. KAMALI and J. HUBER, 2002. Survey on Natural Occurrence of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Apple Orchards of Iran, Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 69(2): 49-55.
ROWELY, D. L., H. J. R. POPHAM and R. L. HARRISON, 2011. Genetic variation and virulence of nucleopolyhedroviruses isolated worldwide from the heliothine pests Helicoverpa armigera. Helicoverpa zea, and Heliothis virescens, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 107:112-126.
SANNINO, L., A. BALBANI, P. LOMBARDI and M. AVIGLIANO, 1996. Spodoptera littoralis: un insidioso parassuta delle colture erbacee. L′Informatore Agrario, 52: 76-79.
SANNINO, L. 2003. Spodoptera littoralis in Italia: possibili ragioni della crescente diffusione e mezzi di lotta, Informatore Fitopatologico, 53(6): 28-31.
SAS INSTITUTE. 1999. SAS Online Doc®. Version 8. Cary, NC.
SHAURUB, E. H., A. A. EL-MEGUID and N. M. EL-AZIZ, 2014. Effect of individual and combined treatment with Azadirachtin and Spodoptera littoralis Multicapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliMNPV, Baculoviridae) on the Egyptian Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ecologia Balkanica, 6(2): 93-100.
SHEPPARD, R. F. and G. R. STAIRS, 1977. Dosage–Mortality and Time – Mortality studies of a granulosis virus in a laboratory strain of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella, Journal of Inverteberate Pathology, 29: 216-221.
SPSS. 1998. SPSS User’s Guide. SPSS, Inc., Chicago.
SUTANTO, K. D., S. EL-SALAMOUNY and A. S. AL-DAWOOD, 2014. Affectivity of Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus(SpliNPV) against first and second instar larvae of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), African Journal of Microbiology Research, 8(4): 337-340.
SZEWCYK, B., L. HOYOS-CARVAJAL, M. PALUSZEK, I. SKRZECZ and M. LOBO DE SOUZA, 2006. Baculoviruses re-emerging biopesticides, Bitechnology Advances, 24: 143-160
TAMEZ-GUERRA, P., M. R. MCGUIRE, R. W. BEHLE, J. J. HAMM, H. R. SUMNER and B. S. SHASHA, 2000. Sunlight persistance and rainfastaness of spray-dried formulations of baculovirus, isolated from Anagrapha falcifera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, 93: 210-218.
TANADA, Y. and H. KAYA, 1993. Insect pathology, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California.
TOPPER, C. P., G. MOAWAD, D. J. MCKINLEY, M. HOSNY, K. A. JONES, S. EL-NAGAR and M. EL-SHEIK, 1984. Field trials with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus against Spodoptera littoralis on cotton in Egypt, Tropical Pest Management, 30: 372–378.
TOPRAK, U., S. BAYRAM and O. M. GURKAN, 2006. Comparative biological activities of a plaque-purified variant and turkish native isolate of SpliNPV-B against Spodoptera lituralis (Lep: Noctuidae), Pest Management Science, 62: 57-63.
TOPRAK, U., M. O. GURKAN and S. BAYRAM, 2007. Impact of a turkish isolate and a plaque-purified variant of SpliNPV-B on Larval stage development of Spodoptera lituralis (Lep: Noctuidae) Boisd, Pest Management Science, 63: 564-568.
TRANG, T. and S. CHAUDHARI, 2002. Bioassay of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and in combination with insecticide on Spodoptera litura (Fab), omonrice, 10: 45-53.
WIYGUL, G. and P. P. SIKOROWSKI, 1978. Oxygen uptake in tobacco budworm larvae (Heliothis virescens) infected with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 32: 191–195.
WHITLOCK, V. H. 1977. Effect of larval maturation on mortality induced by nuclear polyhedrosis and granulosis virus infection of H.armigera, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 30: 80-86.
YOUNG, S. Y. 1990. Effect of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus infection in Spodoptera ornithogalli larvae on post larval stages and dissemination by Adults, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 55: 69-75. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,003 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 604 |
||