کوچکی، ع.، ظریف کتابی، ح. و نخ فروش، ع. 1380. رهیافت های اکولوژیکی مدیریت علف های هرز. ترجمه. انتشارات دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد. صفحات 55-1.
Abbott. W. S. (1945). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 256-267.
Andersen, A. N. (1989). How important is seed predation to recruitment in stable populations of long-livedperennials? Oecologia, 81: 310–315.
Andersen, A. N. and Ashton, D. H. 1985. Rates of seed removal by ants at heath and woodland sites in southeastern. Australian Journal of Ecology, 10: 381-390.
Brust, G. E. (1994). Seed-predators reduce broadleaf weed growth and competitive ability. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment, 48: 27–34.
Brust, G. E. and House, G. J. 1988. Weed seed destruction by arthropods and rodents in low-input soybean agroecosystems. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 3: 19-35.
Cardina, J., Norquay, H. M., Stinner, B. R. and McCartney, D. A. (1996). Postdispersal predation ofvelvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) seeds. Weed Science, 44: 534–539.
Cromar, H. E., Murphy, S. D. and Swanton, C. J. 1999. Influence of tillage and crop residue on post-dispersal predation of weed seeds. Weed Science, 47: 184-194.
Davis, A. S. and Liebman, M. (2003). Cropping system effects on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) demography.I. Green manure and tillage timing. Weed Science, 51: 919–929.
Davis, A. S., Dixon, P. M. and Liebman, M. (2004). Using matrix models to determine cropping system effects on annual weed demography. Ecological Applications, 14, 655–668.
Gallandt, E. R., Molloy, T., Lynch, R. P. and Drummond, F. A. (2005). Effect of cover-cropping systems on invertebrate seed predation. Weed Science, 53: 69–76.
Getz, L. L. and Brightly, E. 1986. Potential effects of small mammals in high intensity agricultural systems in reast-central Illinois, USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 15: 39-50.
Gorb, E. V. and Gorb, S. N. (2000). Effects of seed aggregation on the removal rates of elaiosome-bearing Chelidonium majus and Viola adourata seeds carried by Formica polyctena ants. Ecological Research, 15: 187–192.
Hammond D. S. (1995). Post-dispersal seed and seedling mortality of tropical dry forest trees after shifting agriculture. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 11: 295–313.
Harrison S. K., Regnier, E. E. and Schmoll, J. T. (2003). Post-dispersal predation of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) seed in no-tillage corn. Weed Science, 51: 955-964.
Hartzler, B., Liebman, M. and Westerman, P. (2006). Weed seed predation in agricultural fields. www.weeds.iastate.edu/mgmt/2006/seedpredation.pdf.
Heggenstaller, A. H., Menalled, F. D., Liebman, M. and Westerman, P. (2006). Seasonal patterns in postdispersal seed predation of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi in three cropping systems. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43, 999–1010.
Hensen, I. (2002). Seed predation by ants in south-eastern Spain (Desierto de Tabernas, Almería). Anales de Biología, 24, 89-96.
Hughes, L. and Westoby, M. (1990). Removal rates of seeds adapted for dispersal by ants. Ecology, 71, 138–148.
Holliday, N. J. and Hagley. E. A. C. (1978). Occurrence and activity of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a pest management apple orchard. Canadian entomologist, 110: 113-119.
Honek, A., Saska, P. and Martinkova, Z. (2006). Seasonal variation in seed predation by adult carabid beetles. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 118: 157-162.
Hulme, P. E. (1998). Post-dispersal seed predation: Consequences for plant demography and evolution. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 1: 32–46.
Holmes, R. J. and Fround-Williams, R. J. 2005. Post-dispersal weed seed predation by avian and non-avian predators. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 105: 23-27.
Jacob, S. H., Minkey, D. M., Gallagher, R. S. and Borger, C. P. (2006). Variation in postdispersal weed seed predation in a crop field. Weed Science, 54: 148–155.
Jordan, N., Mortensen, D. A., Prenzlow, D. M. and Cox, K. C. (1995). Simulation analysis of crop rotation effects on weed seed banks. American Journal of Botany, 82: 390–398.
Janzen, D. H. 1971. Seed predation by animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2: 465-492.
Kollmann, J., Coomes, D. A. and White, S. M. 1998. Consistencies in post-dispersal seed predation of temperate fleshy-fruited species among seasons, year and sites. Functional Ecology, 12: 683-690.
Marino, P. C., Westerman, P. R., Pinkert, C. and van der Werf, W. (2005). Influence of seed density and aggregation on post-dispersal weed seed predation in cereal fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 106: 17–25.
Marino, P. C., Cross, L. and Landis, D. A. 1997. Weed seed loss due to predation in Michigan maize fields. Agrculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 66:166-189.
Mauchline, A. L., Watson, S. J., Brown, V. K. and Froud-Williams, R. J. (2005). Post-dispersal seed predation of non-target weeds in arable crops. Weed Research, 45: 157–164.
Menelled, F. P., Marino, P., Renner, K. and Landis, D. (2000). Post-dispersal weed seed predation in crop fields as a function of agricultural landscape structure. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 77: 193–202.
Muñoz, A. A. and Cavieres, L. A. (2006). A Multi-species assessment of post-dispersal seed predation in the central Chilean Andes. Annals of Botany, 98: 193–201.
33.Myster, R. W. and Pickett, S. T. A. 1993 Effects of litter, distance, density, density and vegetation patch type on post-dispersal tree seed predation in old fields. Oikos, 66: 381-388.
.Lund, R. D. and Turpin, F. T. 1977. Carabid damage to weed seed in India corn fields, Environmental Entomology, 6: 695-698.
Povey, F. D., Smith, H. and Watt, T. A. (1993). Predation of annual grass weed seeds in arable field margins. Annals of Applied Biology, 122: 323–328.
Pullaro, T. C., Marino, P. C., Jackson, D. M., Harrison, H. F. and Keinath, A. P. (2006). Effects of killed cover crop mulch on weeds, weed seeds, and herbivores. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 115: 97–104.
Tooley, J. A., Froud-Williams, R. J., Boatman, N. D. and Holland, J. M. (1999). Laboratory studies of weed seed predation by carabid beetles. In: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Weeds, pp. 571–572.
Westerman, P. R., Hofman, A., Vet, L. E. M. and Van der Werf, W. (2003a). Relative importance of vertebrates and invertebrates in epigeaic weed seed predation in organic cereal fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 95: 417–425
Westerman, P. R., Wes, J. S., Kropff, M. J. and Van der Werf, W. (2003b). Annual losses of weed seeds due topredation in organic cereal fields. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40: 824–836.
Willson, M. F. and Whelan, C. J. (1990). Variation in post-dispersal survival of vertebrate-dispersed seeds: effects of density, habitat, location, season and species. Oikos, 57: 191–198.
Swanton, C. J., Griffith, J. T., Cromar, H. E. and Booth, B. D. 1999. Pre and post-dispersal weed seed predation and its implication to agriculture. In: Proceedings Brighton Crop Protection Council Conference, Weeds, pp. 829-834