| تعداد نشریات | 286 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 84 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 2,873 |
| تعداد مقالات | 32,558 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 42,482,816 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 19,247,802 |
پویایی مرحله نهایی توالی در جنگل‌های راش آمیخته در شمال ایران (پژوهش موردی: بخش گرازبن جنگل خیرود) | ||
| تحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران | ||
| مقاله 10، دوره 22، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 56، شهریور 1393، صفحه 270-283 اصل مقاله (481.27 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijfpr.2014.10672 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| کیومرث سفیدی* 1؛ محمدرضا مروی مهاجر2؛ وحید اعتماد3؛ راینهارد موزاندل4 | ||
| 1استادیار دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی | ||
| 2استاد دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 3استادیار دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 4استاد دانشگاه فنی مونیخ آلمان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مطالعه پویایی توده‌های راش آمیخته با هدف تعیین فازهای تکاملی توده‌های آمیخته و طبیعی راش در بخش گرازبن جنگل آموزشی و پژوهشی دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران واقع در جنگل خیرود نوشهر انجام شد. پس از جنگل‌گردشی اولیه، سه قطعه‌نمونه 25 هکتاری انتخاب و هر یک از آنها به قطعات یک هکتاری (100Í100 متر) تفکیک و آماربرداری صددرصد از کلیه پارامترهای توده شامل قطر برابرسینه درختان، زادآوری طبیعی، اندازه و پراکنش روشنه‌ها و خشکه‌دارها انجام شد. در فرایند پویایی توده‌های راش، سه مرحله شامل هشت فاز توالی شناسایی شد. براین‌اساس پویایی توده‌ها در سه مرحله افزایش حجم، انباشت حجم و دگرگونی حجم اتفاق می‌افتد. مرحله افزایش حجم شامل فازهای تشکیل زیراشکوب و زادآوری، مرحله انباشت حجم شامل فازهای کاهش پایه‌ها، نورافزایی و بلوغ و مرحله دگرگونی حجم نیز شامل فازهای تشکیل روشنه، حجم‌کاهی و کهن‌رست است. در برخی از فازها مثل بلوغ امکان تفکیک به چرخه‌های پیش و پس از بلوغ نیز وجود دارد. علاوه‌بر این سه مرحله، مرحله بینابینی شامل آمیخته یا فاز چندفازی که با آشوب‌های نامنظم و با تناوب و مقیاس زمانی کوتاه ایجاد می‌شود، نیز شناسایی شد. فازهای حجم‌افزایی، زیراشکوب و کاهش پایه‌ها بیشترین مساحت منطقه موردبررسی را به‌خود اختصاص می‌دهند که نشانه حضور توده‌های راش در مراحل میانی تکامل و انباشت حجم در توده‌ها در بیشتر مناطق است. روند پویایی توده‌های راش اغلب با تشکیل روشنه‌هایی در اندازه‌های کوچک و افتادن یک درخت روشنه‌ساز آغاز می‌شود. براین‌اساس شیوه جنگل‌شناسی تک‌گزینی در توده‌های راش روش نزدیک به طبیعت و مناسب می‌باشد. توصیه می‌شود برای مدیریت همگام با طبیعت و کاستن از شدت دخالت‌های انسانی در روند پویایی طبیعی توده‌های راش با شیوه تک‌گزینی، انتخاب نوع و زمان عملیات پرورشی و نشانه‌گذاری با شناخت و تعیین فازها و مسیرهای توالی در راشستان‌ها انجام پذیرد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| پویایی توده‌ها؛ ساختار توده؛ جنگل‌شناسی؛ شیوه تک‌گزینی؛ راش شرقی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Late successional stage dynamics in natural Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in northern Iran (Case study: Gorazbon district of Kheiroud-Kenar experimental forest) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Kiomars Sefidi1؛ Mihammad Reza Marvie Mohadjer2؛ Vahid Etemad3؛ Reinhard Mosandl4 | ||
| 1Assistant Prof., Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, I.R. Iran. | ||
| 2Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran. | ||
| 3Assistant Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran. | ||
| 4Head of Institute of Silviculture, Technische Universität München, München, Germany. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| To study the beech stand dynamics followed by the definition of developmental phases in natural mixed beech stands, three sample plots, each covering 25 ha, were inventoried in undisturbed natural mixed beech (Fagus oreintalis Lipsky) stands in Kheiroud-Kenar experimental forest in the north of Iran. The plots were subdivided into 25 one-hectare subplots. Within each mail plot, the subplots were numbered from 1 to 25, within which a number of stand parameters including diameter, canopy gaps properties, natural regeneration and dead trees were recorded. In terms of late successional stage, three stages and eight phases were recognized. According to those, development of beech stands occur in three main stages including early, middle and late characterized by volume growing up, volume accumulations and volume transition terms. Various phases within those stages were recognized. The Growing up stage embraces gap forming, understory initiation and regeneration phases. As for the volume accumulations stage, volume stability, lightning and stem exclusion phases were recognized. Subsequently, the decline stage includes gap making, old growth and volume degradation phases. Some of those phases could be subdivided into small-scale cycles e.g. pre or late volume stability. Furthermore, the intermediate stage includes mixed phases which are mainly created by small-scale and frequent disturbances. The F. orientalis stand were covered to a major extent by phases of stem exclusion, volume stability and understory initiation. In other words, the beech stands are currently in the middle stage of development. Here, we attempted to prepare quantitative characteristics of each of the recognized phases. Finally we illustrated the developmental pattern of beech stands as well as related silvicultural pathways. Dynamics of oriental beech stands begin by formation small-sized gaps (often created by the fall of a single gap maker tree). This fact shows that the single tree selection method is a near-to--nature method within this area. Our findings emphasize that silvicultural methods and related treatments must be regulated based on stand developmental phases. This can lead to decrease the intensity of human intervention and to choose the most appropriate, timely treatments e.g. tree marking. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Forest stands development, stand dynamics, silvicultural pathways, disturbance phases, oriental beech | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- Akhavan, R., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Hassani, M. and Parhizkar, P. 2010. Spatial patterns in untouched beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands over forest development stages in Kelardasht region of Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18(2): 322-336 (In Persian). - Alidadi, F. 2013. Decay dynamic of beech and hornbeam dead trees in the kheiroud Forests. M.Sc. thesis, University of Tehran, 95p (In Persian). - Barnes, B.V., Zak, D.R., Denton. S.R. and Spurr, S.H. 1998. Forest Ecology. 5th edition, Wiley, New York. - Delfan Abazari, B., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. and Namiranian, M. 2007. Regeneration gaps and quantitative characteristics of seedlings in different development stages of undisturbed beech stands (Kelardasht, Northern Iran). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 12(2): 302-306 (In Persian).. - Delong, S.C. and Kessler, W.B. 2000. Ecological characteristics of mature forest remnants left by wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management, 131: 93-106. - Emborg, J. 2000. Under storey light conditions and regeneration with respect to the structural dynamics of a near-natural temperate deciduous forest in Denmark. Forest Ecology and Management, 106: 83-95. - Fallah, A., Zobeiri.M., Jazireiee, M.H. and Marvie Mohadjer, M.R. 2001. Invesitigation on structure of natural beech stands in kheyroud forest. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 53(1): 251-260 (In Persian). - Hassani, M. and Amani, M. 2010. Investigation on structure of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand at optimal stage in Sangdeh forest. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18(2): 163-176 (In Persian). - Heiri, C., Wolf, A., Rohrer, L. and Bugmann, H. 2009. Forty years of natural dynamics in Swiss beech forests: structure, composition, and the influence of former management. Ecological Applications, 19(7): 1920-1934. - Korpel, S. 1982. Degree of equilibrium and dynamic change of the forest an example of natural forest of Slovakia, Act Faculties Forestails, Zvolen, Cezchoslovakia, 24:9-30. - Korpel, S. 1995. Die Urwald der Westkarpaten.Gustav ficher velg, Stuttgart, 310p. - Koop, H. 1989. Forest Dynamics: SILVI-STAR. A Comprehensive Monitoring System. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. - Kucbel, S., Jaloviar, P., Saniga, M., Vencurik, J. and Klimas, V. 2010. Canopy gaps in an old-growth fir-beech forest remnant of Western Carpathians. European Journal of Forest Research, 129: 249-259. - Leibundgut, H. 1959. Über Zweck und Methodik der Struktur und Zuwachsanalyse von Urwäldern. Schweizerische Zeitsschrift für Forstwesen 110: 111-124 (In German). - Leibundgut, H. 1993. Europaeische urwaelder. Hauptverlag, Bern, 350p (In German). - Mackensen, J., Bauhus, J. and Webber, E. 2003. Decomposition rates of coarse dead wood a review with particular emphasis on Australian tree species. Australian Journal of Botany, 51:27-37. - Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Zobeiri, M., Etemad, V. and JourGholami, M. 2009. Performing the single selection method at compartment level and necessity for full inventory of tree species (Case study: Gorazbon district in Kheyrud Forest). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 61(4): 889-908 (In Persian). - Mayer, H., Zukrigl, K., Schrempf, W. and Schlager, G. 1987. Urwaldreste, Naturwaldreservate und Schützenswerte Naturwälder in Österreich. Institut für Waldbau, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien (In German). - Mattaji, A. and Namiranian, M. 2002. Invesitigation on structure and developmental trend of natural beech stands,Northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 55(14): 531-541 (In Persian). - Mattaji, A. and Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. 2007. Development stages and dynamic of two oriental beech communites at natural forests of Kheiroud. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 15(4): 398-416 (In Persian). - Mousavi, S.R., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Tabari, M. and Pourmajidian, M.R. 2003. Determination of gap size for improvement of beech (Fagus orientalis) natural regeneration. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 56(1): 39-48 (In Persian). - Müller-Dombois, D. 1987. Natural dieback in forests. Bioscience, 37: 575-583. - Müller, S.U. and Bartsch, N. 2009. Decay dynamic of coarse and fine woody debris of a beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest in Central Germany. European Journal of Forest Research, 128:287-296. - Nagel, T.A., Svoboda, M., Rugani, T. and Diaci, J. 2010. Gap regeneration and replacement patterns in an old-growth Fagus–Abies forest of Bosnia Herzegovina. Plant Ecology, 208: 307-318. - Nedyalkov, S. and Asli, A. 1971. Study of virgin beech stands profile in Sangdeh Forest. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 24: 2-28 (In Persian). - Oliver, C.D. and Larson, B.C. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics. Wiley, New York, 520p. - Parhizkar, P., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Mataji, A., Nyland, R. and Namiranian, M. 2011.Silvicultural characteristics of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) regeneration under different RLI and positions within gaps. Forestry, 84: 177-185. - Piovesan, G., Di Filippo, A., Alessandrini, A., Biondi, F. and Schirone, B. 2005. Structure, dynamics and dendroecology of an old-growth Fagus forest in the Apeninnes. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16: 13-28. - Peterken, G.F. 1996. Natural Wood Land Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. - Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. and Schutz, J.P. 2002. The structure of natural oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) forests in the Caspian region of Iran and potential for the application of the group selection system. Forestry, 75: 465-472. -Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Delfan Abazari, B. and Namiranian, M. 2003. Description of the decay stage in a naural oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest in Iran, reliminary esults. In: Commarmot & Hamor (Eds.) Natural Forests in the Temperate Zone of Europe alues and Utilisation. Proceedings of IUFRO International Conference,. Mukachevo, Kraine, 130-134. - Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Mattaji, A. and Zahedi Amiri, Gh. 2004. Stand structure and development stages in two different forest communities of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in northern Iran. In: Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Madsen, P. & Terazawa (Eds.) Improvement and Silviculture of Beech. Proceedings from the 7th International Symposium, IUFRO Research Group 1.10.00. Tehran, Iran, May 10-20. 2007: 101-104. - Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Delfan-Abazari, B. and Namiranian, M. 2005. Regeneration process in natural uneven-aged Caspian beech forests of Iran. Swiss Forestry Journal, 156(12): 477-480. - Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Mikazemi, Z., Akhavan, R., Karimidoost, A. Maghsoudloo, M.K. and Moghadasi, D. 2012. Some structural charactersitcs in the far east border of the distribution of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Stands. The 9th IUFRO International Beech Symposium, IUFRO Working Party “Ecology and Silviculture of Beech”: 61-63. - Sefidi, K. and Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R. 2010. Characteristics of coarse woody debris in successional stages of natural beech (Fagus orientalis) forests of Northern Iran. Journal of Forest Science, 56: 7-17. - Sefidi, K., Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R. Etemad, V. and Coppenheaver, C.A. 2011a. Stand characteristics and distribution of a relict population of Persian ironwood (Parrotia persica C.A. Meyer) in northern Iran. Flora, 206: 418-422. - Sefidi, K., Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R., Mosandl, R. and Copenheaver, C.A. 2011b. Canopy gaps and regeneration in old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands, northern Iran. Forest Ecology and Management, 262: 1094-1099. - Standovart, T. and Kenderse, K. 2003. A review on natural stand dynamics in beechwoods of East Central Europe. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 1: 19-46. - VonGadow, K. 2005. Forsteinrichtung: Analyse und Entwurf der Waldentwicklung, universitätsverlag Göttingen, 342p (In German). - Vrška, T., Libor, H., Adam, D., Kolar, T. and Janik, D. 2009. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) rotation in the Carpathians developmental cycle or a linear trend induced by man? Forest Ecology and Management, 258: 347-356. - Wagner, S., Collet, C., Madsen, P., Nakashizuka, T., Nyland, R.D. and Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. 2010. Beech regeneration research: From ecological to silvicultural aspects. Forest Ecology and Management, 259: 2172-2182. - Zukrigl, K., Echardt, G. and Nather, J. 1963. Standortskundliche und Waldbauliche Untersuchungen in Urwalderesten der nielderöstrreichischen kalkalpen. Mitteilungen der Forestbundes Versuchanstat. wein 62 (In German). | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2,499 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,237 |
||