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تأثیر مدیریت بقایای گیاهی و زمان انجام پی‌آب بر عملکرد گندم آبی در سیستم کاشت روی پشته‌های عریض | |||
| تحقیقات مهندسی صنایع غذایی | |||
| مقاله 2، دوره 15، شماره 2، شهریور 1393، صفحه 15-26 اصل مقاله (302.63 K) | |||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | |||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/jaer.2014.100187 | |||
| نویسندگان | |||
| علی اکبر صلح جو* 1؛ سیدابراهیم دهقانیان2 | |||
| 1استادیار بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس | |||
| 2مربی پژوهش بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس | |||
| چکیده | |||
| از عوامل مؤثر بر عملکرد گندم، استفاده بهینه از بقایای گیاهی و آب است. از این رو نیاز است تا روش‌های مدیریت بقایای گیاهی و زمان اجرای پی‌آب روی پشته‌های عریض بررسی و ارزیابی شود. این تحقیق در قالب طرح آماری اسپلیت بلوک و به‌مدت سه سال اجرا شد. تیمار اصلی، مدیریت بقایای گیاهی شامل: الف، سوزاندن بقایای گیاهی، ب، خارج کردن قسمت عمدهای از بقایای گیاهی+ ساقه خردکردن و ج، خارج کردن قسمت عمدهای از بقایای گیاهی + ساقه خردکردن + شخم با گاوآهن برگردان‌دار است. تیمار فرعی زمان اجرای پی‌آب شامل: الف، 7 روز پس از کاشت، ب، 14 روز پس از کاشت و ج، 21 روز پس از کاشت در 3 تکرار است. پارامترهای شاخص مخروطی خاک، درصد رطوبت خاک، درصد سبز، درصد بقایای گیاهی مانده بر سطح خاک، میزان آب مصرفی و عملکرد گندم اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که تیمار استفاده از ساقه خردکن + گاوآهن برگردان‌دار، در مقایسه با سوزاندن بقایای گیاهی، باعث کاهش: شاخص مخروطی خاک به‌میزان 8/ 18 درصد، میزان سبز شدن 7 درصد، بقایای گیاهی مانده بر سطح خاک به‌میزان 63 درصد و آب مصرفی به‌میزان 5 درصد و نیز باعث افزایش ماده آلی خاک به‌میزان 5/3 درصد، عملکرد گندم به‌میزان 5 درصد و کارآیی مصرف آب بر اساس عملکرد گندم به‌میزان 3/11 درصد شده است. نتایج همچنین نشان می‌دهد که زمان اجرای پی‌آب تأثیر خاصی بر عملکرد گندم ندارد و می‌توان آن را به‌مدت 21 روز از تاریخ کاشت به تاخیر انداخت یا به‌عبارت دیگر آن را حذف کرد. | |||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | |||
| Effect of Residue Management and Time of Post-Irrigation on Wheat Yield in a Raised-Bed Planting System | |||
| چکیده [English] | |||
| The effective parameters of the present study on wheat yield were the optimum use of residue and water. The effects of residue management and post-irrigation methods on raised bed planting systems were evaluated for irrigated wheat. This study was a split-block design with three replications. The levels of residue management considered as main plots were burned straw (B), partial removal of straw + stalk shredder (R), and partial removal of straw + stalk shredder + moldboard plowing (RP). The effects of delay of post-irrigation was measured at 7 d (I7), 14 d (I14), and 21 d (I21) after planting for the sub-plots. The soil cone index, moisture content, percentage of plant emergence, percentage of surface residue cover, weight of 1000 kernels, water use, and wheat yield were measured. The results indicated that treatment RP decreased the cone index 18.8%, plant emergence 7%, surface residue cover 63%, and water use 5%, and increased organic matter 3.5%, wheat yield 5%, and water use efficiency based on wheat yield 11.3% compared to treatment B. The results also showed that timing of post-irrigation had no significant effect on wheat yield. This indicates that post-irrigation can be delayed until 21 d after planting, which effectively eliminates the need for post-irrigation. | |||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | |||
| irrigated wheat, Post-irrigation, Raised bed, Residue management, Water use efficiency | |||
| مراجع | |||
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Heidari, A. 2004. The effect of crop residue management and tillage depth on wheat yield and soil organic matter in corn-wheat rotation. Iranian J. Agric. Eng. Res. 5, 81-94. (in Farsi)
Hemmat, A. 1996. Effects of seedbed preparation and planting methods on emergence of irrigated winter wheat. Iranian J. Agric. Sci. 27, 55-67. (in Farsi)
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Kumar, P., Bangarwa, A. S. and Pannu, R. K. 1995. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on yield and yield attributes of Brassica genotypes. Ann. Biol. (Ludhiana). 11, 215-219.
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Solhjou, A. A. and Loghavi, M. 2000. Optimum moisture content for determination of cone index, with cone penetrometer. Iranian J. Agric. Eng. Res. 17, 43-50. (in Farsi)
Solhjou, A. A. and Niazi. J. 2001. Effect of subsoiling on soil physical properties and irrigation wheat yield. Iranian J. Agric. Eng. Res. 7, 65-78. (in Farsi)
Solhjou, A. A., Loghavi, M., Ahmadi, H. and Roozbeh, M. 2001. The effect of moisture content and plowing depth on soil pulverization and reduction of secondary tillage. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 6, 1-12.
Staricka, J. A., Allmaras, R. R. and Nelson W. W. 1991. Spatial variation of crop residue incorporated by tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55, 1668-1674.
Unger, P. W. 1978. Straw-mulch rate effect on soil water storage and sorghum yield. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42, 486-491.
Wang, F., Kong, L., Sayre, K., Li, S., Si, J., Feng, B. and Zhang, B. 2011. Morphological and yield responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to raised bed planting in northern China. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6, 2991-2997.
Godwin, J. R. 1990. Agricultural Engineering in Development: Tillage for Crop Production Areas of Low Rainfall. FAO Agricultural Servies Bulletin 83. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Rome.
Guerif, J., Richard, G., Durr, C., Machet, J. M., Recous, S. and Roger-Estrade, J. 2001. A review of tillage effects on crop residue management, seedbed conditions and seeding establishment. Soil Till. Res. 61, 13-32.
Heidari, A. 2004. The effect of crop residue management and tillage depth on wheat yield and soil organic matter in corn-wheat rotation. Iranian J. Agric. Eng. Res. 5, 81-94. (in Farsi)
Hemmat, A. 1996. Effects of seedbed preparation and planting methods on emergence of irrigated winter wheat. Iranian J. Agric. Sci. 27, 55-67. (in Farsi)
Jones, J. N., Moody, J. R. and Lillard, J. H. 1969. Effect of tillage, no tillage and mulch on soil water and plant growth. Agron. J. 61, 719-721.
Karrou, M., Oweis, T., Enein, R. A. E. and Sherif, M. 2012. Yield and water productivity of maize and wheat under deficit and raised bed irrigation practices in Egypt. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 7, 1755-1760.
Kumar, P., Bangarwa, A. S. and Pannu, R. K. 1995. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on yield and yield attributes of Brassica genotypes. Ann. Biol. (Ludhiana). 11, 215-219.
Limon-Ortega, A., Sayre, K. D. and Francis, C. A. 2000. Wheat and maize yields in response to straw management and nitrogen under a bed planting system. Agron. J. 92, 295-302.
Limon-Ortega, A., Sayre, K. D. and Drijber, R. A. 2002. Soil attributes in a furrow- irrigated bed planting system in northwest Mexico. Soil Till. Res. 63, 123-132.
Mukergi, N. and Uerma, B. L. 1994. Effect of time lay of first post-sowing irrigation on yield and technological quantities of solid and legume inter-cropped cotton. Madras Agric. J. 81, 338-340.
Parsch, L. D., Keisling, T. C., Sauer, P. A., Oliver, L. R. and Crabtree, N. S. 2001. Economic analysis of conservation and conventional tillage cropping systems on clayey soil in eastern Arkansas. Agron. J. 93, 1296-1304.
Perumpral, J. V. 1987. Cone penetrometer applications: a review. T. ASAE. 30(4): 939-944.
Ram, H., Singh, Y., Salini, K. S. and Kler, D. S. 2012. Agronomic and economic evaluation of permanent raised beds, no tillage and straw mulching for an irrigated maize-wheat system in northwest India. Expl. Agric. 48, 21-38.
Sayre, K. D. 2000. Effect of tillage, crop residue retention and nitrogen management on the performance of bed- planted, furrow irrigated spring wheat in northwest Mexico. Proceeding of the 15th Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization. July 2-7. Texas. USA.
Solhjou, A. A. 2003. Raised bed planting for irrigated wheat production systems. Technical Report. Iranian Agricultural Engineering Research Institute. (in Farsi)
Solhjou, A. A. 2007. The effect of tillage and planting methods in raised bed planting system on irrigated wheat. Research Report. No. 1103. Iranian Agricultural Engineering Research Institute. (in Farsi)
Solhjou, A. A. and Loghavi, M. 2000. Optimum moisture content for determination of cone index, with cone penetrometer. Iranian J. Agric. Eng. Res. 17, 43-50. (in Farsi)
Solhjou, A. A. and Niazi. J. 2001. Effect of subsoiling on soil physical properties and irrigation wheat yield. Iranian J. Agric. Eng. Res. 7, 65-78. (in Farsi)
Solhjou, A. A., Loghavi, M., Ahmadi, H. and Roozbeh, M. 2001. The effect of moisture content and plowing depth on soil pulverization and reduction of secondary tillage. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 6, 1-12.
Staricka, J. A., Allmaras, R. R. and Nelson W. W. 1991. Spatial variation of crop residue incorporated by tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55, 1668-1674.
Unger, P. W. 1978. Straw-mulch rate effect on soil water storage and sorghum yield. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42, 486-491.
Wang, F., Kong, L., Sayre, K., Li, S., Si, J., Feng, B. and Zhang, B. 2011. Morphological and yield responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to raised bed planting in northern China. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6, 2991-2997. | |||
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